Adaptive Multi-Standard RF Front-Ends (Analog Circuits and Signal Processing)

204 Pages·2008·12.225 MB·English

by  Vojkan Vidojkovic, Johan van der Tang, Arjan Leeuwenburgh, Arthur van Roermund

ADAPTIVE MULTI-STANDARD RF FRONT-ENDS
ANALOGCIRCUITSANDSIGNALPROCESSINGSERIES
ConsultingEditor:MohammedIsmail.OhioStateUniversity
TitlesinSeries:
ANALOG-BASEBANDARCHITECTURESANDCIRCUITS
FORMULTISTANDARDANDLOW-VOLTAGEWIRELESSTRANSCEIVERS
Mak,PuiIn,U,Seng-Pan,Martins,RuiPaulo
ISBN:978-1-4020-6432-6
DESIGNANDANALYSISOFINTEGRATEDLOW-POWERULTRAWIDEBANDRECEIVERS
Lu,IvanSiu-Chuang,Parameswaran,Sri
ISBN:978-1-4020-6482-1
ULTRALOWPOWERCAPACITIVESENSORINTERFACES
Bracke,W.,Puers,R.(etal.)
ISBN978-1-4020-6231-5
BROADBANDOPTO-ELECTRICALRECEIVERSINSTANDARDCMOS
Hermans,C.,Steyaert,M.
ISBN978-1-4020-6221-6
CMOSMULTI-CHANNELSINGLE-CHIPRECEIVERSFORMULTI-GIGABITOPT...
Muller,P.,Leblebici,Y.
ISBN978-1-4020-5911-7
SWITCHED-CAPACITORTECHNIQUESFORHIGH-ACCURACYFILTERANDADC...
Quinn,P.J.,Roermund,A.H.M.v.
ISBN978-1-4020-6257-5
LOW-FREQUENCYNOISEINADVANCEDMOSDEVICES
vonHaartman,M.,O¨stling,M.
ISBN978-1-4020-5909-4
CMOSSINGLECHIPFASTFREQUENCYHOPPINGSYNTHESIZERSFORWIRELESS
MULTI-GIGAHERTZAPPLICATIONS
Bourdi,Taoufik,Kale,Izzet
ISBN:978-1-4020-5927-8
ANALOGCIRCUITDESIGNTECHNIQUESAT0.5V
Chatterjee,S.,Kinget,P.,Tsividis,Y.,Pun,K.P.
ISBN-10:0-387-69953-8
IQCALIBRATIONTECHNIQUESFORCMOSRADIOTRANCEIVERS
Chen,Sao-Jie,Hsieh,Yong-Hsiang
ISBN-10:1-4020-5082-8
FULL-CHIPNANOMETERROUTINGTECHNIQUES
Ho,Tsung-Yi,Chang,Yao-Wen,Chen,Sao-Jie
ISBN:978-1-4020-6194-3
THEGM/IDDESIGNMETHODOLOGYFORCMOSANALOGLOWPOWERINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS
Jespers,PaulG.A.
ISBN-10:0-387-47100-6
PRECISIONTEMPERATURESENSORSINCMOSTECHNOLOGY
Pertijs,MichielA.P.,Huijsing,JohanH.
ISBN-10:1-4020-5257-X
CMOSCURRENT-MODECIRCUITSFORDATACOMMUNICATIONS
Yuan,Fei
ISBN:0-387-29758-8
RFPOWERAMPLIFIERSFORMOBILECOMMUNICATIONS
Reynaert,Patrick,Steyaert,Michiel
ISBN:1-4020-5116-6
ADVANCEDDESIGNTECHNIQUESFORRFPOWERAMPLIFIERS
Rudiakova,A.N.,Krizhanovski,V.
ISBN1-4020-4638-3
CMOSCASCADESIGMA-DELTAMODULATORSFORSENSORSANDTELECOM
delR´ıo,R.,Medeiro,F.,Pe´rez-Verdu´,B.,delaRosa,J.M.,Rodr´ıguez-Va´zquez,A.
ISBN1-4020-4775-4
SIGMADELTAA/DCONVERSIONFORSIGNALCONDITIONING
Philips,K.,vanRoermund,A.H.M.
Vol.874,ISBN1-4020-4679-0
ContinuedafterReferences
Adaptive Multi-Standard RF Front-Ends
by
Vojkan Vidojkovic
Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Johan van der Tang
Holst Center/IMEC-NL, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Arjan Leeuwenburgh
SiTel Semiconductor B.V., 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
and
Arthur van Roermund
Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN978-1-4020-6533-0(HB)
ISBN978-1-4020-6534-7(e-book)
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
www.springer.com
Printedonacid-freepaper
AllRightsReserved
(cid:2)c 2008Springer Science+Business Media B.V
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise,
without writte n permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
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use by the purchaser of the work.
Contents
Glossary ix
Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Thestateoftheartinmulti-standardRFtransceivers . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Standardsforwirelesscommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Multi-standardRFtransceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 TrendsinICtechnologyandpackaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Front-endarchitectureselection 17
2.1 Agenericfront-endarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.1 Basicfront-endfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.2 Thefrequencydown-conversionfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.3 Imagerejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.4 ImprovementinmaximalachievableIRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.5 Synthesisofagenericfront-endarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 Asetoffront-endarchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.1 Singlepathfront-endarchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.2 Two-pathfront-endarchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3 Selectioncriteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 Selectionofasuitablefront-endarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
v
vi CONTENTS
3 Broad-bandpolyphasefilters 53
3.1 Passivepolyphasefiltertopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 RCpolyphasefiltersandtheirapplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1 RCpolyphasefiltersasIFimagerejectfilters . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.2 RCpolyphasefiltersasI/Qgenerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3 Designconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.1 ImagerejectionofanRCpolyphasefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.2 VoltagegainofanRCpolyphasefilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.3 Layoutconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4 Analysisoflow-IFarchitectures 79
4.1 Noiseandvoltagegainanalysisinalow-IFfront-end . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.1.1 VoltagegainandnoisefigureofthepassiveRFblock . . . . . . . 80
4.1.2 Voltagegainandnoisefactoroftheon-chipfront-end. . . . . . . 82
4.1.3 Overallvoltagegainandnoisefigureofthelow-IFfront-end . . . 94
4.2 Linearityanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1 IIP3oftheon-chipfront-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.2 OverallIIP3ofthelow-IFfront-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.3 Imagerejectionanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.1 MaximalachievableIRRoftheon-chipfront-end . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.2 TotalachievableIRRoftheOCFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 RFandbuildingblockspecifications 111
5.1 RFspecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.1 Noisefigure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.1.2 IIP3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.3 Imagerejection,voltagegainandselectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2 Distributionofbuildingblockspecifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6 Alow-voltagefoldedswitchingmixer 123
6.1 Transconductorsforfoldedswitchingmixers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.2 AC-coupledfoldedswitchingmixerwithcurrent-reuse . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2.1 Gain,noisefigure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2.2 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.2.3 DCstability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3 Simulationandexperimentalresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4 Mixerbenchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
CONTENTS vii
7 Multi-bandreconfigurablecomplexmixer 135
7.1 1.9–2.4GHzreconfigurablecomplexmixer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.1.1 Designconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.1.2 Layoutconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.1.3 Simulationandexperimentalresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7.2 1.9–2.4GHzconventionalcomplexmixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.2.1 Experimentalresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8 Reconfigurablemulti-bandLNA 151
8.1 Designconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2 Designprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.3 Designexample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.4 Areconfigurablemulti-bandDECT/BluetoothLNA . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
9 Reconfigurablemulti-bandRFfront-end 165
10 Conclusions 173
A RF,systemandbuildingblockspecifications 177
B Noisefactorofatwo-portnetwork 183
C NoisefactorofapassiveRFblock 185
References 187
Glossary
Symbol Description Unit
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecomponent ina
complexsignal
A halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidalimagesignal
i
A halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidalimagesignalafterRFfiltering
if
A halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidaldown-convertedimagesignal
id
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecomponent ina
id
complexdown-convertedimagesignal
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecomponent ina
idf
complexdown-convertedimagesignalafterIFfiltering
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalparasiticin-phaseandquadraturecompo-
ip
nentinacomplexdown-convertedimagesignal
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalparasiticin-phaseandquadraturecompo-
ipf
nentinacomplexdown-convertedimagesignalafterIFfiltering
Ai− magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofanimagesignallocated
atfrequency−ω
i
Ai+ magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofanimagesignallocated
atfrequencyω
i
Aif− magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofacompleximagesignal
afterRFfilteringlocatedatfrequency−ω
i
Aif+ magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofacompleximagesignal
afterRFfilteringlocatedatfrequencyω
i
A magnitudeofthethird-orderintermodulationproducts
IM3
A halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidallocaloscillatorsignal
lo
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecomponent ina
lo
complexlocaloscillatorsignal
A theamplitudeofaparasiticsinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecompo-
lop
nentinacomplexlocaloscillatorsignal
ix
x GLOSSARY
Aw halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidalwantedsignal
A halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidaldown-convertedwantedsignal
wd
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecomponent ina
wd
complexdown-convertedwantedsignal
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalin-phaseandquadraturecomponent ina
wdf
complexdown-convertedwantedsignalafterIFfiltering
A halfoftheamplitudeofasinusoidalwantedsignalafterRFfiltering
wf
Awp theamplitudeofasinusoidalparasiticin-phaseandquadraturecompo-
nentinacomplexdown-convertedwantedsignal
A theamplitudeofasinusoidalparasiticin-phaseandquadraturecompo-
wpf
nentinacomplexdown-convertedwantedsignalafterIFfiltering
Aw− magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofawantedsignallocated
atfrequency−ωw
Aw+ magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofawantedsignallocated
atfrequencyωw
Awf− magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofacomplexwantedsignal
afterRFfilteringlocatedatfrequency−ωw
Awf+ magnitudeofthecomponentinthespectrumofacomplexwantedsignal
afterRFfilteringlocatedatfrequencyωw
B bandwidth Hz
C capacitance F
Cgs gate-sourcecapacitance F
Cox oxidecapacitanceperunitarea F
gm MOSTtransconductance A/V
g transconductancefromthebulkofaswitchingMOST A/V
mbs
gmn NMOSTtransconductance A/V
gmp PMOSTtransconductance A/V
gms transconductanceofaswitchingMOST A/V
DR front-enddynamicrange dB
fe
DR ADCdynamicrange dB
adc
f Bluetoothoperatingfrequency Hz
bt
f DECToperatingfrequency Hz
dect
fr resonancefrequency Hz
f carrierfrequency Hz
sig
fsam samplingfrequency Hz
F noisefactor
G voltagegain dB
H open-circuittransferfunctionrelatedtobranchkinN-phasefilter
Hc complextransferfunction
Hcn partofacomplextransferfunctioncorrespondingtonegativefrequen-
cies
Hcp partofacomplextransferfunctioncorresponding topositivefrequen-
cies
H imaginarypartofacomplextransferfunction
i
Hn open-circuittransferfunctionrelatedtobranchkinN-phasefilterfora
negativeinputpolyphasesequence
Hp open-circuittransferfunctionrelatedtobranchkinN-phasefilterfora
positiveinputpolyphasesequence