Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communications

763 Pages·71.71 MB·english

by  Tsoulos G.V. (ред.)

ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
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ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Edited by
George V. Tsoulos
PA Consulting Group
Cambridge, U.K.
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LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adaptive antennas for wireless communications / edited by George V. Tsoulos.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7803-6016-8
1. Adaptive antennas. 2. Wireless communication systems--Equipment and supplies. I.
Tsoulos, George V., 1968-
TK7871.67.A33 A33 2000
621.382'4--dc21
00-040990
Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction and Channel Models 1
Adaptive Antenna Systems 3
B. Widrow, P. E. Mantey, L. J. Griffiths, and B. B. Goode (IEEE Proceedings, December 1967).
Overview of Spatial Channel Models for Antenna Array Communication Systems 20
R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport, and J. H. Reed (IEEE Personal Communications
Magazine, February 1998).
Antenna Systems for Base Station Diversity in Urban Small and Micro Cells 33
F. C. F. Eggers, J. Tcttgard, and A. M. Oprea (Journal on Selected Areas ofCommunication, September
1993).
A Statistical Model for Angle of Arrival in Indoor Multipath Propagation 44
Q. Spencer, M. Rice, B. Jeffs, and M. Jensen (IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1997).
Chapter 2 Adaptive Algorithms 49
Highlights of Statistical Signal and Array Processing 51
A. Hero (IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, September 1998).
Application of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, Part II: Beamforming and Direction-of-Arrival
Considerations 95
L. C. Godara (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, August 1997).
High-Resolution Frequency-Wavenumber Spectrum Analysis 146
J. Capon (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, August 1969).
An Algorithm for Linearly Constrained Adaptive Array Processing 157
O. L. Frost III(Proceedings ofthe IEEE, August 1972).
The Application of Spectral Estimation Methods to Bearing Estimation Problems 167
D. H. Johnson (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, September 1982).
On Spatial Smoothing for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Coherent Signals 178
T-J. Shan, M. Wax, and T. Kailath (IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, August
1985).
Detection of Signals by Information Theoretic Criteria 184
M. Wax and T. Kailath (IEEE Transaction on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, April 1985).
Multiple Emitter Location and Signal Parameter Estimation 190
R. O. Schmidt (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).
Using Spectral Estimation Techniques in Adaptive Processing Antenna Systems 195
W. F. Gabriel (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).
Implementation of Adaptive Array Algorithms 205
R. Schreiber (IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, October 1986).
v
Contents
Steady State Analysis of the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller by Adaptive Noise Cancelling
Techniques 213
N. K. Jablon (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).
Adaptive-Adaptive Array Processing 221
E. Brookner and J. M. Howell (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, April 1986).
ESPRIT-Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques 224
R. Roy and T. Kailath (IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, July 1989).
Spectral Self-Coherence Restoral: A New Approach to Blind Adaptive Signal Extraction Using Antenna
Arrays 236
B. G. Agee, S. V. Schell, and W. A. Gardner (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, April 1990).
Sensor Array Processing Based on Subspace Fitting 250
M. Viberg and B. Ottersten (IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, May 1991).
Direction-of-Arrival Estimation via Exploitation of Cyclostationarity-A Combination of Temporal and
Spatial Processing 261
G. Xu and T. Kailath (IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, July 1992).
Space-Alternating Generalized Expectation Maximization Algorithm 272
J. A. Fessler and A. O. Hero (IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, October 1994).
Unitary ESPRIT: How to Obtain Increased Estimation Accuracy with a Reduced Computational
Burden 286
M. Haardt and J. A. Nossek (IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, May 1995).
Joint Angle and Delay Estimation (JADE) for Multipath Signals Arriving at an Antenna Array 297
M. C. Vanderveen, C. B. Papadias, and A. Paulraj (IEEE Communications Letters, January 1997).
Chapter 3 Performance Issues 301
Smart Antennas for Mobile Communication Systems: Benefits and Challenges 303
G. V. Tsoulos (Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, April 1999).
An Adaptive Array in a Spread-Spectrum Communication System 314
R. T. Compton, Jr. (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, March 1978).
On the Performance of a Polarization Sensitive Adaptive Array 324
R. T. Compton, Jr. (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1981).
Effect of Mutual Coupling on the Performance of Adaptive Arrays 332
I. J. Gupta and A. A. Ksienski (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1983).
Optimum Combining in Digital Mobile Radio with Co-channel Interference 339
J. H. Winters (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1984).
On Optimum Combining at the Mobile 351
R. G. Vaughan (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1988).
The Performance of an LMS Adaptive Array with Frequency Hopped Signals 359
L. Acar and R. T. Compton, Jr. (IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, May 1985).
An LMS Adaptive Array for Multipath Fading Reduction 371
Y. Ogawa, M. Ohmiya, and K. Itoh (IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, January
1987).
Optimum Combining for Indoor Radio Systems with Multiple Users 378
J. H. Winters (IEEE Transactions on Communications, November 1987).
The Performance Enhancement of Multibeam Adaptive Base-Station Antennas for Cellular Land Mobile
Radio Systems 387
S. C. Swales, M. A. Beach, D. J. Edwards, and J. P. McGeehan (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, February 1990).
Combination of an Adaptive Array Antenna and a Canceller of Interference for Direct-Sequence Spread-
Spectrum Multiple-Access System 399
R. Kohno, H. Imai, M. Hatori, and S. Pasupathy (IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, May
1990).
Direction Finding in the Presence of Mutual Coupling 406
B. Friendlander and A. J. Weiss (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1991).
vi
Contents
Improving the Performance of a Slotted ALOHA Packet Radio Network with an Adaptive Array 418
J. Ward and R. T. Compton, Jr. (IEEE Transactions on Communications, February 1992).
Signal Acquisition and Tracking with Adaptive Arrays in the Digital Mobile Radio System IS-54 with Flat
Fading 427
J. H. Winters (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1993).
Effect of Fading Correlation on Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile Radio 435
J. Salz and J. H. Winters (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, November 1994).
Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Antenna Arrays in Cellular CDMA 444
A. F. Naguib, A. Paulraj, and T. Kailath (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1994).
Analytical Results for Capacity Improvements in COMA 452
J. C. Liberti and T. S. Rappaport (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1994).
Adaptive Transmitting Antenna Arrays with Feedback 463
D. Gerlach and A. Paulraj (IEEE Signal Processing Letters, October 1994).
Adaptive Antennas for Third Generation DS-CDMA Cellular Systems 466
G. V. Tsoulos, M. A. Beach, and S. C. Swales (Proceedings of45th Vehicular Technology Conference, July
1995).
The Spectrum Efficiency of Base Station Antenna Array System for Spatially Selective
Transmission 471
P. Zetterberg and B. Ottersten (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, August 1995).
Capacity Enhancement and BER in a Combined SDMA/TDMA System 481
J. Fuhl and A. F. Molisch (Proceedings ofthe 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, April 1996).
Performance of Wireless CDMA with M-ary Orthogonal Modulation and Cell Site Antenna
Arrays 486
A. F. Naguib and A. Paulraj (IEEE Journal ofSelected Areas in Communications, December 1996).
Smart Antenna Arrays for CDMA Systems 500
J. S. Thompson, P. N. Grant, and B. Mulgrew (IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, October 1996).
Efficient Direction and Polarization Estimation with a COLD Array 510
J. Li, P. Stoica and D. Zheng (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 1996).
Upper Bounds on the Bit-Error Rate of Optimum Combining in Wireless Systems 519
J. H. Winters and J. Salz (IEEE Transactions on Communications, December 1998).
The Range Increase of Adaptive Versus Phased Arrays in Mobile Radio Systems 525
J. H. Winters and M. J. Gans (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, March 1999).
A Comparison of Two Systems for Downlink Communication with Base Station Antenna Arrays 535
P. Zetterberg (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, September 1999).
Chapter 4 Implementation Issues 551
Fundamentals of Digital Array Processing 553
D. E. Dudgeon (Proceedings ofthe IEEE, June 1977).
A Novel Algorithm and Architecture for Adaptive Digital Beamforming 560
C. P. Ward, P. J. Hargrave, and J. G. McWhirter (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March
1986).
Nonlinearities in Digital Manifold Phased Arrays 569
B. D. Mathews (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, November 1986).
Adaptive Beamforming with the Generalized Sidelobe Canceller in the Presence of Array
Imperfections 579
N. K. Jablon (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, August 1986).
An Efficient Algorithm and Systolic Architecture for Multiple Channel Adaptive Filtering 596
S. M. Yuen, K. Abend, and R. S. Berkowitz (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May 1988).
Mutual Coupling Compensation in Small Array Antennas 603
H. Steyskal and J. S.Herd (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, December 1995).
A Unified Approach to the Design of Robust Narrow-Band Antenna Array Processors 607
M-H. Er and A. Cantoni (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January 1990).
vii
Contents
Design Trades for Rotman Lenses 614
R. C. Hansen (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 1991).
Optimum Networks for Simultaneous Multiple Beam Antennas 623
E. C. DuFort (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January 1992).
Direction Finding in Phased Arrays with a Neural Network Beamformer 630
H. L. Southall, J. A. Simmers, and T. H. O'Donnell (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
December 1995).
Application of Orthogonal Codes to the Calibration of Active Phased Array Antennas for Communication
Satellites 636
S. D. Silverstein (IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,January 1997).
The Analogy Between the Butler Matrix and the Neural-Network Direction-Finding Array 649
R. J. Mailloux and H. L. Southall (IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, December 1997).
Forward-Backward Averaging in the Presence of Array Manifold Errors 655
M. Zatman and D. Marshall (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, November 1998).
Chapter 5 Experiments 661
Multiple Source DF Signal Processing: An Experimental System 663
R. O. Schmidt and R. E. Franks (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, March 1986).
An Implementation of a CMA Adaptive Array for High Speed GMSK Transmission in Mobile
Communications 673
T. Ohgane, T. Shimura, N. Matsuzawa, and H. Sasaoka (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
August 1993).
A Four-Element Adaptive Antenna Array for IS-136 PCS Base Stations 680
R. L. Cupo, G. D. Golden, C. C. Martin, K. L. Sherman, N. R. Sollenberger, J. H. Winters, and P. W.
Wolniasky (IEEE 46th Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1996).
Ericsson/Mannesmann GSM Field-Trials with Adaptive Antennas 685
S. Anderson, U. Forssen, J. Karlsson, T. Witzschel, P. Fischer, and A. Krug (IEEE 46th Vehicular
Technology Conference, May 1996).
Preliminary Measurement Results from an Adaptive Antenna Array Testbed for GSM/UMTS 690
P. E. Mogensen, K. I. Pedersen, P. Leth-Espensen, B. Fleury, F. Frederiksen, K. Olesen, and S. L. Larsen
(IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1997).
Performance Evaluation of a Cellular Base Station Multibeam Antenna 695
Y. Li, M. Feuerstein, and D. O. Reudink (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, February 1997).
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Field Trials. Part 1:Tracking and BER Performance 704
G. V. Tsoulos, J. McGeehan, and M. Beach (lEE Proceedings ofRadar, Sonar, and Navigation, February
1998).
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Field Trials. Part 2: Calibration and Linearity Issues 710
G. V. Tsoulos, J. McGeehan, and M. Beach (lEE Proceedings ofRadar, Sonar, and Navigation, February
1998).
Chapter 6 Applications and Planning Issues 717
High Data Rate Indoor Wireless Communications Using Antenna Arrays 719
M. J. Gans, R. A. Valenzuela, J. H. Winters, and M. J. Carloni (6th International Symposium on Personal,
Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, September 1995).
On Optimizing Base Station Antenna Array Topology for Coverage Extension in Cellular Radio
Networks 726
J-W. Liang and A. J. Paulraj (IEEE 45th Vehicular Technology Conference, July 1995).
Usage of Adaptive Arrays to Solve Resource Planning Problems 731
M. Frullone, P. Grazioso, C. Passerini, and G. Riva (Proceedings ofthe 46th Vehicular Technology
Conference, April 1996).
viii
Contents
Subscriber Location in CDMA Cellular Networks 735
J. Caffery, Jr. and G. L. Stuber (IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, May 1998).
On the Capacity Formula for Multiple Input-Multiple Output Wireless Channels: A Geometric
Interpretation 745
P. F. Driessen and G. J. Foschini (IEEE Transactions on Communications, February 1999).
Optimum Space-Time Processors with Dispersive Interference: Unified Analysis and Required Filter
Span 749
S.L. Ariyavisitakul, J. H. Winters, and I. Lee (IEEE Transactions on Communications, July 1999).
Author Index 761
Subject Index 763
ix
Preface
O VERthelastfewyears,thedemandfor serviceprovi- technology. The key areas are separated in six chapters
sionvia thewirelesscommunicationbearerhas risen as follows:
beyond all expectations. This fact introduces one of the
most demanding technological challenges: the need to in- Chapter1:Oneintroductorypaperthatprovidesimpor-
crease the spectrum efficiency of wireless networks. tant background information on adaptive antennas, fol-
Whereas great effort until today has been focused toward lowedbythreepaperswiththechannelmodelsnecessary
the development of modulation methods, coding tech- for simulations and material dealing with the spatial
niques, communication protocols, and so forth, the an- characteristics of the radio channel for different opera-
tenna-related technology has received significantlyless at- tional environments.
tention up to now. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the Chapter 2: Nineteen papers with the most representa-
ambitiousrequirementsintroducedfor future wirelesssys- tive, widely used and researched adaptive methods and
tems, new "intelligent" or "self-configured" and highly algorithms such as MUSIC, ESPRIT, and SAGE.
efficient systems will most certainly be required. In the
Chapter 3:Twenty-seven papers dealing with the issue
pursuit for schemes that will solve these problems, atten-
that has attracted most of the attention in terms of re-
tion has recently turned to spatial filtering methods using
searchup to now, theperformanceof adaptive antennas
advanced antenna techniques: adaptive or "smart" anten-
with different adaptive methods and algorithms under
nas. Filtering in the space domain can separate spectrally
a variety of conditions in mobile communication envi-
and temporally overlapping signals from multiple mobile
ronments.
units,andhencethespatialdimensioncanbe exploitedasa
Chapter4:Thirteenpapersdealingwith implementation
hybrid multiple access technique complementingthe basic
issues for adaptive antennas: beamforming techniques,
underlying multiple access technique.
calibration,mutualcoupling,nonlinearityproblems,and
Adaptiveantennas havebeenstudiedfor manyyearsby
so forth.
thesonarandradarresearchcommunitiesas interference-
Chapter5:Eightpaperspresentingexperimentalresults
resistant aids (the first known case of an adaptive antenna
for issues related to this technology, mainly from adap-
datesbackto 1959:L.C.VanAtta, ElectromagneticReflec-
tive antenna test beds.
tion, U.S. Patent 29080002, October 6, 1959), and their
mainapplicationuntilrecentlyhasbeenmilitary.Advances Chapter6:Sixpapersthatdealwithmoregeneralissues
in processor cost and speed have only recently made it relatedto adaptiveantennassuchasspecificapplications
possible to overcome the major obstacle of hardware cost for user location, indoor wireless high data rate net-
and complexity and start considering the possibility of works, planningissues for adaptive antennas, and novel
applying this technique to commercial communications. techniques that seem promising to open new directions
This book targets a very wide audience. It can be used for this technology in the future.
as a reference source (e.g., in conjunction with other texts
on signal processing, antennas, mobile communications) The work included in the different chapters is sorted
for students at the undergraduate and/or postgraduate chronologically except for papers that present overviews
level, academics, researchers, professionals, and managers or comparisons for the issues of focus in a chapter. The
whoeitherarespecificallyinterestedor wantto understand latter are always at the beginning of the chapter.
general aspects of this technology. In order to achieve I sincerely hope that you find this source of reference
thesegoals, alargenumberofpublishedworkson avariety useful. If it manages to stimulateyou and as aresult opens
of issuesrelatedto adaptive antennashave been gathered. new horizons for you in this very exciting and promising
The papers included in this volume, along with the cited area, then it will have succeeded in its purpose.
references,constituteaverydetailedsourceofinformation
dealingwith almost all the important issues related to this George V. Tsoulos
xi