Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments PDF
Preview Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments
Adaptations to Terrestrial Envi ronments Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments Edited by s. N. Margaris M. Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki 0' University Thessa/oniki Thessa/oniki, Greece and R. J. Reiter 0' University Texas Hea/th Science Center San Antonio, Texas PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publieation Data International Symposium on Adaptations to Terrestrial Environment (1982: Chalkidike, Greeee) Adaptations to terrestrial environments. Ineludes bibliographieal referenees and indexes. 1. Adaptation (Biology)-Congresses. I. Margaris, N. S. 11. Arianoutsou-Farag gitaki, M. 111. Reiter, R. J. IV. Title. QH546.157 1982 574.5'222 83-13713 ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8347-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8345-5 001:10.1007/978-1-4615-8345-5 Proeeedings of the International Symposium on Adaptations to Terrestrial Environment, held September 26-0etober 2, 1982, in Khalkidiki, Greeee ©1983 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publlshing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1983 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprodueed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, eleetronie, meehanieal, photoeopying, mierofilming, reeording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE The present volume contains selected papers of the International Symposium on Adaptations to Terrestrial Environment, held in Halki diki, Greece from Sept 26th to Oct 2nd, 1982. The meeting was designed to consider the means as weIl as the mechanisms whereby organisms adapt to their environment. The papers presented dealt with a large variety of species from insects up to and including mamrnals. What became apparent during the course of the meeting was the incredible variety of means that organisms use to survive in their particular environmental niche. The ploys utilized are almost as numerous as the number of species investi gated. This will become clearly apparent in the accompanying manu scripts which are published in this book. The Editors allowed the authors of the accepted papers great leeway in terms of the thorough ness of their contributions. Some of the presentations contain exclusively new findings, whereas others extensively review the existing literature. The Volume is divided into two parts: Invertebrates and Verte brates. The first provides information on adaptations of inverte brat es on environmental stresses (such as low er high temperatures and water deficits) from the physiological and/or biochemical points of view as weIl as behavioral responses resulting from their life strategies and interactions with other organisrns. In the second part papers selected deal with vertebrates. Adaptations to special environmental factors such as light and temperature are discussed as weIl as behavioral, physiological and biochemical solutions to problems imposed. The Editors would like to express their thankfulnes to UNESCO v vi PREFACE for sponsoring the Symposium in the frame of Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programj to all scientists who have contributed papers in this volume; and to Mrs A. Karamanli-Vlahopoulou for her patient and skillful typing of the manuscript. N. S. Margaris R. J. Reiter M. Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki Division of Ecology Department of Anatomy Department of Biology The University of Texas University of Thessaloniki Health Science Center at GREECE San Antonio, Texas U.S.A. CONTENTS PART 1 - INVERTEBRATES 1 - Limiting similarity in rove beetles (Col. Staphylinidae) of a habitat inland W. Topp 3 - Low temperature induced diapause still extant in a tropical parasitoid species Y. Carton 13 - Cold tolerance in Canadian arctic insects R. A. Ring 17 Seasonal activity of soil fauna in a phryganic (East ~1edi terranean) ecosystem S. Sgardelia and N. S. Margaris 31 Comparative studies of orthopteran species adapted to living on the ground and of some strong fliers from the same order G. Theophilidis 45 Adaptation insect - plant in Cynipid galls R. Bronner 61 - Adaptation cf gall mites (Acari, Eriophyoidea) to live in ga11s E. Westphal 69 vii CONTENTS viii - Diversity and unity by arthropod ga11s. An examp1e: The bud ga11s F. Dreger-Jauffret 77 PART 2 - VERTEBRATES 89 - Altruism, ine1usive fitness, and evo1utionary game theory M. Treisman 91 - Antipredator adaptations of Salamanders: Evolution and Convergenee among terrestrial speeies E. D. Brodie, Jr. 109 - The inter-nesting intervals of Zakynthos loggerheads D. Margaritoulis 135 - Reproduetion strategies in birds of the tropies A. Chandola, M. Saklani, M. Bisht and D. Bhatt 145 - Nutritionally related metabolie adaptations of earnivores and ruminants J. G. Morris and Q. R. Rogers 165 Superoxide dismutase aetivity in the rat exposed to extreme environmenta1 eonditions V. M. Petrovi6, M. Spasi6, B. Mi1i6, Z. and Sai~i6 R. Radoji~i6 181 - Adaptations of the reproduetive system of rodents to ehanging photoperiodie eonditions R. J. Reiter 193 - Endoerine cycles and hibernation in the hedgehog: meehanisms of adaptation to natural variations in the environment M. Saboureau and J. Boissin 203 - Comparative mechanisms of physiologieal, metabo1ica1 and eco-ethological adaptation to the winter season in two wild European mammals: the Euro~ean Badger (Meles meles L.) and the red Fox (Vulpes vulpesL.) D. Maurel and J. Boissin 219 AUTHOR INDEX 235 SYSTEMATIC INDEX 241 SUBJECT INDEX 245 PART 1 Invertebra tes LIMITING SIMILARITY IN ROVE BEETLES (COL. STAPHYLINIDAE) OF A HABITAT INLAND W. Topp Lehrstuhl für Tierökologie der Universität Bayreuth Universitätstr. 30 D-8580 Bayreuth, West Germany INTRODUCTION In Central Europe most individuals of soil and litter dwelling beetles belang to rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Communities of rove beetles usually include many species co-occuring within small areas. Do these species show similar ecological requirements, are species independent1y or randomly distributed or is there any character divergence which can be interpreted as an evo1utionary response to reduce competition? Interpretation of community structures in vertebrates have 1ed to different resu1ts (Connor and Simber10ff, 1979; Simberloff and Boeckler, 1981; Gi1pin and Diamond, 1982; Bowers and Brown, 1982) and also results of investigations on arthropod species communities are contradictory. The aim of this study was to ex amine resource uti1ization of rove beet1es and to test whether species niches are overdispersed. Niche overdispersion might occur when a species minimizes its interaction with all others. The null hypothesis was that niches are distributed at random. METHODS Data were collected in a sma1l inland dune ecosystem of ca. 100x200 m in size surrounded by bogs and marsh1and. Pitfal1 traps and extraction funne1s were used. Sampies were taken in 1970-1976 using a grid in each vegetational type (Topp, 1979a). Horizontal distribution was measured as niche overlap accord ing to formulae proposed by Mac Arthur and Levins (1967) used in the symmetrie form (Pianka, 1974). To develop a dendrogram an un weighted average linkage cluster algorithm was applied (Sneath and 3 w. 4 TOPP Sokal, 1973). These methods were only used for a quantitative measurement in comparing sampIe sites. Most species were reared in the laboratory under different regimes (Topp, 1979b). Information on breeding seasons and annual time segregation was obtained by rearings, by dissecting females from litter sampIes and examining them for presence or absence of developing and mature eggs, and by collecting larvae from the field. Information on food type partitioning was obtained by observations under field and laboratory conditions. Seasonal activity of the two species Zyras humeralis and Drusil la canaliculata (Fig. 5) was determined by Cornell Ecology Program 12 (Gauch and Chase, 1974). The plotted curves are standardized on the modus=lO~~. Z. humeralis: allopatric=628 ind., variance account ed for 99.6%; sympatric=145 ind., var. accounted for 95.7%. D. cana liculata: allopatric=176 ind., var. accounted for 79.4%; sympatric= 99 ind., var. acounted for 92.1%. RESULTS A total of 4581 staphylinids, representing 128 species was caught. As in most assemblages, the majority of species occurred in very low numbers. When dominance values are used to construct a species abundance curve, it appears that the data best fit a log normal series. The resulting curve (Fig. 1), which includes almost the same number of specimens for several species, flattens out which suggests that several more or less independent processes determine species abundance (May, 1976). Only the most common species of staphylinids were considered here, i.e., 33 species each with more than 10 specimens. The same species were not found within all habitats of the dune system and obvious differences occurred between adjacent sites. Mycetoporus brunneus was a typical species of the spruce stand (habitat assem blage (=h. ass.) No 1 in Fig. 2), Oxypoda togata was dominant in the driest areas which were characterized by the Cyperaceae Carex arenaria and the moss Rhacomitrium canescens (h. ass. No 2), Quedius aridulus only occurred in sites which were covered by Calluna vulgaris (h. ass. No 3), Platydracus fulvipes was restricted to the wettest areas bordering the surrounding swamps (h. ass. No. 4), and Conosoma marshami was found only in the litter of the pine stand (h. ass. No 5). Some species, e.g., Othius punctulatus, spread over a larger area but only occurred in the shaded zone of the trees and avoided the open sites. The dendrogram (Fig. 2), using average linkage clustering (Sneath and Sokal, 1973), illustrates how species in the same dune differ in horizontal distribution and niche overlap, a pattern
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