Table Of Content

A D A M I I 2 0 1 1 A N N U A L R E P O R T A D A M I I • 2 0 1 1 A N N U A L R E P O R T r r e stee d a r m • IIug a a b r u g s e o r m p gniro t i n o Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT ADAM II 2011 ANNUAL REPORT ARRESTEE DRUG ABUSE MONITORING PROGRAM II O N D C P FFICE OF ATIONAL RUG ONTROL OLICY E O P XECUTIVE FFICE OF THE RESIDENT WASHINGTON, DC May 2012 Acknowledgments This report was prepared for the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), Executive Office of the President, by Abt Associates Inc. Work by Abt Associates was performed under Contract No. GS- 10F-0086K. Writers and reviewers at Abt Associates include Dana Hunt, Sarah Kuck Jalbert, Ryan Kling, Yuli Almozlino, Meg Chapman, Chris Flygare, Caroline Nobo, and William Rhodes. Contributors at ONDCP include Maria Fe Caces, Michael Cala, Robert Denniston, and Terry Zobeck. Table of Contents Highlights of ADAM II 2011 .................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... ix Report Format ....................................................................................................................................... x ADAM II Methodology ....................................................................................................................... xi Sampling and Case Weighting ...................................................................................................... xi Estimating Trends over Time ....................................................................................................... xii ADAM II Sample Demographics ....................................................................................................... xii Involvement with the Criminal Justice System ............................................................................ xii Involvement with Treatment ....................................................................................................... xiii Drug Use and Drug Market Participation .......................................................................................... xiii Use of Any Drug/Multiple Drugs ................................................................................................ xiii Marijuana .................................................................................................................................... xiii Cocaine ........................................................................................................................................ xiv Heroin and Other Opiates ............................................................................................................ xiv Methamphetamine ........................................................................................................................ xv Other Drugs .................................................................................................................................. xv 1. Overview of ADAM II ........................................................................................................................ 1 Why ADAM II Data Are Important ...................................................................................................... 1 The ADAM II Methodology ................................................................................................................. 3 Continuing the Methods of the Original ADAM Program ............................................................. 4 Sampling Facilities and Arrestees .................................................................................................. 5 Weighting Cases Using Propensity Scores..................................................................................... 8 Accounting for Critical Data on Arrestees Who Do Not Provide a Test Sample........................... 9 Estimating Trends over Time ......................................................................................................... 9 2. The ADAM II Sample ....................................................................................................................... 11 Demographic Characteristics of ADAM II Arrestees ......................................................................... 12 Arrestees’ Histories of Involvement with the Criminal Justice System ............................................. 12 Selected Attributes of Arrestees Who Test Positive for Drugs ........................................................... 13 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment Experiences among ADAM II Arrestees ................ 13 3. Drug Use and Drug Market Activity among Arrestees ................................................................. 15 Congruence between the Self-report and Test Results ....................................................................... 15 Test Results for the Presence of Illicit Drugs ..................................................................................... 17 Marijuana ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Cocaine: Crack and Powder ......................................................................................................... 22 Heroin and Other Opiates ............................................................................................................. 28 Methamphetamine ........................................................................................................................ 32 Other Drugs .................................................................................................................................. 35 4. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 37 ADAM II 2011 Annual Report i Table of Contents Appendix A: Data Tables ......................................................................................................................... 41 Table 1.1: ADAM Completed Interviews, Urine Specimens, and Weighted Case Numbers (2000–2003) .............................................................................................................. 43 Table 1.2: ADAM II Completed Interviews, Urine Specimens, and Weighted Case Numbers (2007–2011) .............................................................................................. 44 Table 2.1: ADAM II Characteristics of Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011: Age, Marital Status, Citizenship, Employment .............................................................................. 45 Table 2.2: ADAM II Characteristics of Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011: Education, Health Insurance, Housing ........................................................................................ 46 Table 2.3: Race and Ethnicity of Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011 ........................................ 47 Table 2.4: Self-reported Arrest History, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Any Prior Arrest ........... 48 Table 2.5: Self-reported Arrest History, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Arrested 2 or More Times in Past Year .................................................................................................... 48 Table 2.6: ADAM II Arrest Charge, 2007–2011: Violent, Drug, Property and Other Crimes .. 49 Table 2.7: ADAM II Adult Male Arrestees Testing Positive for Any Illicit Substance and Arrestees Testing Negative, 2011: Age, Citizenship, Employment, Education, Health Insurance, Housing ........................................................................................ 50 Table 2.8: ADAM II Housing Detail and Prior Arrests for Adult Male Arrestees Testing Positive for Any Illicit Substance and Arrestees Testing Negative, 2011 ................ 52 Table 2.9: ADAM II Lifetime Drug, Alcohol, and Mental Health Treatment Experiences Among All Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011 ......................................................... 54 Table 2.10: ADAM II Drug, Alcohol, and Mental Health Treatment Received in the Past 12 Months, 2007–2011 .................................................................................................. 55 Table 2.11: Past 12 Month Drug and Alcohol Treatment Admissions, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 56 Table 2.12: Past 12 Month Drug, Alcohol, and Mental Health Inpatient Treatment Nights, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ....................................................................................... 56 Table 2.13: Past 12 Month Mental Health Inpatient Treatment Nights, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 57 Table 3.1: Proportion of All Adult Male Arrestees with Agreement in Self-report and Urine Test by Site, 2011 ..................................................................................................... 58 Table 3.2: Proportion of Adult Male Arrestees Testing Positive and Self-reporting Use by Site, 2011 .................................................................................................................. 58 Table 3.3: Urine Test Results on Any Drug Test Among Adult Male Arrestees 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ......................................................................................................... 59 Table 3.4: Urine Test Results of Multiple Drug Use Among Adult Male Arrestees 2000– 2003 and 2007–2011................................................................................................. 59 Table 3.5: Urine Test Results for Marijuana Among Adult Male Arrestees 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 60 ADAM II 2011 Annual Report ii Table of Contents Table 3.6: Urine Test Results for Cocaine Among Adult Male Arrestees 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 60 Table 3.7: Urine Test Results for Opiates Among Adult Male Arrestees 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 61 Table 3.8: Urine Test Results for Methamphetamine Among Adult Male Arrestees 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ....................................................................................... 61 Table 3.9: Self-reported Past 30 day Use, 2007–2011: Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................................................................. 62 Table 3.10: Self-reported Use of Marijuana, 2007–2011 ............................................................ 63 Table 3.11: Average Age at First Use for Those Who Admit Use in Prior 30 Days, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Marijuana and Heroin ................................................. 64 Table 3.12: Average Age at First Use for Those Who Admit Use in Prior 30 Days, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Crack, Powder Cocaine ............................................... 65 Table 3.13: Average Age at First Use for Those Who Admit Use In Prior 30 Days, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Methamphetamine ....................................................... 66 Table 3.14: Acquisition of Marijuana by Adult Male Arrestees, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 .... 67 Table 3.15: Acquisition of Crack Cocaine by Adult Male Arrestees, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 67 Table 3.16: Acquisition of Powder Cocaine by Adult Male Arrestees, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 68 Table 3.17: Acquisition of Powder Heroin by Adult Male Arrestees, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 68 Table 3.18: Acquisition of Methamphetamine by Adult Male Arrestees, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 69 Table 3.19: Percent of Adult Male Arrestees Who Acquired Marijuana, Crack or Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine Reporting Cash Buys in Past 30 Days, 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 70 Table 3.20: Percent of Adult Male Arrestees Who Acquired Marijuana, Crack or Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine Reporting Noncash Acquisition in Past 30 Days, 2007–2011 ................................................................................................. 71 Table 3.21: Average Number of Days Acquiring Selected Drugs Through Cash and Noncash by Adult Male Arrestees, 2011 .................................................................. 72 Table 3.22: Average Number of Purchases of Marijuana, Crack or Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine in Past 30 Days, 2007–2011 ................................................ 73 Table 3.23: Percent Reporting Last Drug Buy was Directly from Dealer, 2007–2011, Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................. 74 Table 3.24: Percent Reporting Last Drug Buy was from Regular Source, 2007–2011, Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................. 75 Table 3.25: Percent Reporting Last Drug Buy with Cash was Outdoors, 2007–2011, Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................. 76 Table 3.26: Percent Reporting Any Failed Buy, 2007–2011, Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................................................................. 77 ADAM II 2011 Annual Report iii Table of Contents Table 3.27: Percent Reporting Any Failed Buy Due to Police Activity, 2007–2011, Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................. 78 Table 3.28: Percent Reporting Any Failed Buy Due to Unavailability of Drug, 2007–2011, Marijuana, Crack and Powder Cocaine, Heroin and Methamphetamine .................. 79 Table 3.29: Self-reported Use of Crack Cocaine Among Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011 ..... 80 Table 3.30: Self-reported Use of Powder Cocaine Among Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011 .. 81 Table 3.31: Self-reported Use of Heroin Among Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011 ................. 82 Table 3.32: Self-reported Use of Methamphetamine Among Adult Male Arrestees, 2007–2011 ................................................................................................................ 83 Table 3.33: Self-reported Use Among Adult Male Arrestees, Average Number of Days Used in Past Month, 2007–2011 ........................................................................................ 84 Table 3.34: Percent Reporting Injected Drug Use at Most Recent Use, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Powder Cocaine, Methamphetamine .................................................... 85 Table 3.35: Percent Reporting Injected Drug Use at Most Recent Use, 2000–2003 and 2007–2011, Heroin ................................................................................................... 86 Table 3.36: Percent Testing Positive for Other Drugs, 2007–2011: Barbiturates, Propoxyphene, Methadone ....................................................................................... 87 Table 3.37: Percent Testing Positive for Other Drugs, 2007–2011: Oxycodone, PCP, Benzodiazepines ....................................................................................................... 88 Table 3.38: Percent Admitting to Secondary Drug Use in the Past 3 Days, 2011 ....................... 89 ADAM II 2011 Annual Report iv Table of Contents