Active and Programmable Networks for Adaptive Architectures and Services

350 Pages·2007·9.687 MB·English

by  Syed Asad Hussain

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Active and Programmable
Networks for Adaptive
Architectures and Services
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Active and Programmable
Networks for Adaptive
Architectures and Services
Syed Asad Hussain
Boca Raton New York
Auerbach Publications is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hussain, Syed Asad.
Active and programmable networks for adaptive architectures and services /
Syed Asad Hussain.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-8493-8214-9 (alk. paper)
1. Computer networks--Management. I. Title.
TK5105.5.H876 2006
004.6--dc22 2006047731
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Dedication
Dedicated to those who are firmly rooted in knowledge.
No exaltation or grandeur is superior to learning and knowledge.
Hazrat Ali (A.S.)
v
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xv
About the Author....................................................................................................xvii
1 Introduction..................................................................................1
1.1 A Brief Networking History....................................................................3
1.2 Network Standards and Protocols.........................................................7
1.3 Protocol Reference Models.....................................................................8
1.3.1 The OSI Model............................................................................8
1.3.1.1 Physical Layer...............................................................9
1.3.1.2 Data Link Layer..........................................................10
1.3.1.3 Network Layer............................................................10
1.3.1.4 Transport Layer...........................................................11
1.3.1.5 Session Layer..............................................................12
1.3.1.6 Presentation Layer......................................................12
1.3.1.7 Application Layer........................................................13
1.3.2 Why Are Protocol Reference Models Layered?......................13
1.3.3 Drawbacks of the OSI Model..................................................14
1.3.4 Ordering Constraints.................................................................16
1.3.5 Other Factors.............................................................................17
1.3.6 Heterogeneity and OSI.............................................................18
1.4 The Emergence of Middleware Architectures.....................................20
1.5 The TCP/IP Reference Model..............................................................22
1.5.1 The Network Layer...................................................................22
1.5.2 The Internet Layer....................................................................23
1.5.3 The Transport Layer..................................................................25
1.5.4 The Application Layer..............................................................25
1.6 Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Models.............................................25
1.6.1 Comparison between the TCP/IP and OSI Transport
Service Functions......................................................................26
1.6.1.1 Connection Establishment..........................................26
1.6.1.2 Called Address............................................................26
vii
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viii (cid:1)
1.6.1.3 Expedited Data Option..............................................26
1.6.1.4 TS User Data...............................................................27
1.6.1.5 Data Transfer..............................................................27
1.6.1.6 Connection Release Phase.........................................27
1.7 Standards Organizations.......................................................................28
1.7.1 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)............28
1.7.2 International Telecommunications Union (ITU).....................29
1.7.3 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)........................29
1.7.4 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)........30
1.7.5 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)...................................30
1.7.6 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)..................................31
1.8 Summary................................................................................................31
Exercises..........................................................................................................32
References........................................................................................................32
2 Architecture of Active and Programmable Networks.............35
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................35
2.2 Quality of Service Technologies for IP Network...............................36
2.3 Quality of Service Parameters..............................................................40
2.3.1 End-to-End Latency...................................................................40
2.3.2 Delay Jitter (Delay Variation)...................................................40
2.3.3 Packet Loss................................................................................42
2.4 Motivation for Active and Programmable Networks..........................42
2.5 The IEEE 1520 Standards Initiative for
Programmable Networks......................................................................45
2.5.1 Programming Interfaces for ATM Networks...........................47
2.5.2 Programming Interfaces for IP Router Networks...................48
2.6 Classification of Active and Programmable Networks.......................48
2.6.1 Discrete Mechanism Approach................................................48
2.6.2 Integrated Mechanism or Capsule Approach.........................49
2.6.2.1 Foundation Components............................................50
2.6.2.2 Active Storage.............................................................50
2.6.2.3 Program Extensibility.................................................50
2.6.2.4 Interoperability in Capsule-Based Networks............51
2.6.2.5 Enabling Active Technologies...................................51
2.6.2.6 Source Code................................................................51
2.6.2.7 Intermediate Code......................................................52
2.6.2.8 Platform-Dependent (Binary) Code..........................52
2.6.2.9 Architectural Considerations......................................52
2.6.3 Programmable Switch Approach.............................................53
2.7 Components and Architecture of Active Networks............................53
2.7.1 Major Components....................................................................53
2.7.2 Packet Processing in Active Networks....................................54
2.8 Summary................................................................................................55
Exercises..........................................................................................................56
References........................................................................................................56
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3 Enabling Technologies for Network Programmability...........59
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................59
3.2 Enabling Technologies for Network Programmability.......................59
3.2.1 Agents........................................................................................59
3.2.1.1 Agent Technologies....................................................60
3.2.1.2 Mobile Agents.............................................................62
3.2.2 Middleware Technology...........................................................70
3.2.2.1 Object Management Architecture..............................72
3.2.2.2 The Common Object Request Broker
Architecture.................................................................73
3.2.3 Operating System Support for Programmable Networks......80
3.2.3.1 Janos: A Java-Oriented OS for Active
Network Nodes...........................................................81
3.2.3.2 Bowman: Operating System for Active Nodes........83
3.2.4 Dynamically Reconfigurable Hardware...................................85
3.2.4.1 Applications of FPGAs in Active Networks.............85
3.2.4.2 Field-Programmable Port Extender (FPX)................86
3.2.4.3 P4: Programmable Protocol Processing Pipeline.....88
3.2.4.4 PLATO Reconfigurable Platform for
ATM Networks............................................................89
3.3 Summary................................................................................................91
Exercises..........................................................................................................92
References........................................................................................................93
4 Active and Programmable Network Paradigms and
Protoypes....................................................................................97
4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................97
4.2 Types of Active and Programmable Networks...................................98
4.2.1 The Binding Model...................................................................99
4.2.1.1 The Binding Architecture...........................................99
4.2.1.2 The Extended Reference Model..............................102
4.2.1.3 The Service Creation Process..................................103
4.2.2 ANTS: Active Network Transfer System................................103
4.2.2.1 Architecture of the ANTS.........................................104
4.2.2.2 Programming.............................................................108
4.2.3 Switchware...............................................................................109
4.2.4 Smart Packets..........................................................................110
4.2.5 Netscript...................................................................................112
4.2.6 CANEs: An Execution Environment for
Composable Services..............................................................114
4.2.7 Supranets.................................................................................115
4.2.8 Switchlet-Based Tempest........................................................116
4.2.9 Routelet-Based Spawning Networks......................................118
4.2.10 Hierarchical Fair Service Curve Scheduling in Darwin........120
4.2.11 Virtual Active Network (VAN)................................................122
4.2.12 Active Network Node (ANN).................................................123