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Access to History: Russia and Its Rulers 1855-1964 Third Edition (for OCR) PDF

251 Pages·2020·8.777 MB·English
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Preview Access to History: Russia and Its Rulers 1855-1964 Third Edition (for OCR)

Russia and its Rulers, 1855–1964 for OCR is available as a Student eTextbook. Student eTextbooks are downloadable versions of the printed textbooks that teachers can assign to students. Students can: ●› Download and view them on any device or browser ●› Add, edit and synchronise notes across two devices ●› Access their personal copy on the move Find out more and sign up for a free trial – visit: www.hoddereducation.co.uk/dynamiclearning Russia and its Rulers 1855–1964 for OCR ANDREW HOLLAND THIRD EDITION 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 1 27/04/2020 10:15 The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material. Photo credits: p12 The World’s Work, 1903/Archive.org; p13t Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-128131; p13b Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-128133; p14 Library of Congress, LC-DIG-hec-04921; p16 Karl Marx: His Life and Work/Archive.org; p17 Wikimedia Commons; p18 Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-30798; p19 Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-32833; p22 Bundesarchiv, Bild 183- B0628-0015-035/Heinz Junge/CC-BY-SA 3.0; p45 Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy Stock Photo; p46 Thomas Johnson/ Sygma/CORBIS/Sygma via Getty Images; p79 World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo; p103 Art Collection 2/Alamy Stock Photo. Acknowledgements: Blackwell, Europe Reshaped by J. Grenville, 1999. Bloomsbury, Stalin’s Russia by Chris Ward, 1999. Free Press, Khrushchev: The Man and his Era by William Taubman, 2003. Harvard University Press, Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917 by Geoffrey A. Hosking, 1997. Heinemann, Russia and its Rulers 1855–1964 by Mike Wells, 2008. Hodder Education, Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single-party States by Michael Lynch, 2013. Longman, Industrialization in Nineteenth-century Europe by Tom Kemp, 1985. Oxford University Press, Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History, 1812–2001 by J.N. Westwood, 2002; Russia 1855–1919: From Tsars to Commissars by Peter Oxley, 2001. Palgrave Macmillan, Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, 2005. Routledge, Russia and the USSR, 1855–1991 by Stephen J. Lee, 2006. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SE. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827827. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400401. Email [email protected] Lines are open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You can also order through our website: www.hoddereducation.co.uk ISBN: 978 1 5104 5977 9 © Andrew Holland 2020 First published in 2010 by This third edition published in 2020 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ www.hoddereducation.co.uk Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk Cover photo © Bluebird/Interfoto/Mary Evans Typeset by Gray Publishing Printed in the UK by CPI Group Ltd A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 2 27/04/2020 10:15 Contents Introduction: about this book vi Context: Russia by the mid-nineteenth century 1 A chronological summary of the main periods of rule 5 CHAPTER 1 The nature of government 10 1 Ideologies: autocracy, dictatorship and totalitarianism 11 2 Developments in central administration 24 3 Changes in local government 36 4 Methods of repression and enforcement 38 5 The extent and impact of reform 47 6 The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition 48 7 Attitude of Russian leaders to political change 59 8 The extent of political change 60 In-depth studies and debates 63 Study skills: thematic essay question 69 Study skills: depth study interpretations question 72 CHAPTER 2 The impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society 76 1 The extent of and reasons for economic change 77 2 The extent of and reasons for social change 95 3 Changes to living and working conditions of rural and urban people 102 4 Limitations on personal, political and religious freedoms 112 In-depth studies and debates 117 Study skills: thematic essay question 120 CHAPTER 3 The impact of war and revolution and the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR 127 1 The Crimean War 1853–6 128 2 The Russo-Turkish War 1877–8 135 3 The Russo-Japanese War 1904–5 138 4 The First World War 1914–18 141 5 The Russian Revolution 1917 148 6 The Russian Civil War 1917–21 149 7 The Second World War 1939–45 152 8 The Cold War 1947–64 160 In-depth studies and debates 167 Study skills: thematic essay question 171 iii 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 3 27/04/2020 10:15 Russia and its Rulers CHAPTER 4 Russia and its empire, nationalities and satellite states 178 1 Nationalities: context and definitions 179 2 Russo-Polish relations 181 3 Russification 189 4 The impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 195 5 Expansion in Asia 199 6 Communist advances into Europe after the Second World War 205 In-depth studies and debates 217 Study skills: thematic essay question 221 Study skills: depth study interpretations question 224 Timeline 228 Glossary of terms 231 Further reading 236 Index 237 iv 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 4 27/04/2020 10:15 Dedication Keith Randell (1943–2002) The Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies. v 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 5 27/04/2020 10:15 Introduction: about this book This book has been written primarily to support the study of the following course: n OCR Unit Y318 Russia and its Rulers 1855–1964. The writer hopes that student readers will regard the book not simply as an aid to better exam results, but as a study which is enjoyable in itself as an analysis of a very important theme in history. The following explains the different features of this book and how they will help your study of the course. Beginning of the book Context Starting a new course can be daunting if you are not familiar with the period or topic. This section will give you an overview of the history and will set up some of the key themes. Reading this section will help you get up to speed on the content of the course. Throughout the book Key terms You need to know these to gain an understanding of the period. The appropriate use of specific historical language in your essays will also help you improve the quality of your writing. Key terms are in boldface type the first time they appear in the book. They are defined in the margin and appear in the glossary. Profiles Some chapters contain profiles of important individuals. These include a brief biography and information about the importance and impact of the individual. This information can be very useful in understanding certain events and providing supporting evidence to your arguments. Sources Historical sources are important in understanding why specific decisions were taken or on what contemporary writers and politicians based their actions. The questions accompanying each source will help you to understand and analyse the source. Interpretations These extracts from historians will help bring awareness of the debates and issues that surround this fascinating history topic. vi 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 6 27/04/2020 10:15 Introduction: about this book Chapter summaries These written summaries are intended to help you revise and consolidate your knowledge and understanding of the content. Summary diagrams These visual summaries at the end of each section are useful for revision. Refresher questions The refresher questions are quick knowledge checks to make sure you have understood and remembered the material that is covered in the chapter. Question practice There are opportunities at the end of each chapter to practise exam-style questions arranged by exam board. The exam hint below each question will help you if you get stuck. End of the book Timeline Understanding chronology (the order in which events took place) is an essential part of history. Knowing the order of events is one thing, but it is also important to know how events relate to each other. This timeline will help you put events into context and will be helpful for quick reference or as a revision tool. Exam focus This section gives advice on how to answer questions in your exam, focusing on the different requirements of your exam paper. The guidance in this book has been based on detailed examiner reports since 2017. It models best practice in terms of answering exam questions and shows the most common pitfalls to help ensure you get the best grade possible. Glossary All key terms in the book are defined in the glossary. Further reading To achieve top marks in history, you will need to read beyond this textbook. This section contains a list of books and articles for you to explore. The list may also be helpful for an extended essay or piece of coursework. Online extras This new edition is accompanied by online material to support you in your study. Throughout the book you will find the online extras icon to prompt you to make use of the relevant online resources for your course. By going to www. hoddereducation.co.uk/accesstohistory/extras you will find the following: vii 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 7 27/04/2020 10:15 Russia and its Rulers Activity worksheets These activities will help you develop the skills you need for the exam. The thinking that you do to complete the activities, and the notes you make from answering the questions, will prove valuable in your learning journey and helping you get the best grade possible. Your teacher may decide to print the entire series of worksheets to create an activity booklet to accompany the course. Alternatively they may be used as standalone activities for class work or homework. However, don’t hesitate to go online and print off a worksheet yourself to get the most from this book. Who’s who A level history covers a lot of key figures so it’s perfectly understandable if you find yourself confused by all the different names. This document organises the individuals mentioned throughout the book by categories so you know your Andreyev from your Zinoviev! Further research While further reading of books and articles is helpful to achieve your best, there’s a wealth of material online, including useful websites, digital archives and documentaries on YouTube. This page lists resources that may help further your understanding of the topic. It may also prove a valuable reference for research if you decide to choose this period for the coursework element of your course. viii 9781510459779_ATH_Russia and its Rulers_.indb 8 27/04/2020 10:15

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