Accelerated Expertise: Training for High Proficiency in a Complex World PDF
Preview Accelerated Expertise: Training for High Proficiency in a Complex World
AccelerAted expertise Speed in acquiring the knowledge and skills to perform tasks is crucial. Yet, it still ordinarily takes many years to achieve high proficiency in countless jobs and professions in government, business, industry, and throughout the private sector. There would be great advantages if regimens of training could be established that could accelerate the achievement of high levels of proficiency. This book discusses the constructs of “accelerated learning,” and “accelerated expertise” in particular. It includes a review of the research literature on learning acquisition and retention, focusing on establishing what works and why. This includes several demonstrations of accelerated learning, with specific ideas, plans, and roadmaps. The impetus for the book was a tasking from the Defense Science and Technology Advisory Group, which is the top level Science and Technology policy-making panel in the Department of Defense. However, the book uses both military and non-military exemplar case studies. It is likely that methods for acceleration will leverage technologies and capabilities, including virtual training, cross-training, training across strategic and tactical levels, and training for resilience and adaptivity. This volume provides a wealth of information and guidance for those interested in the concept or phenomenon of accelerating learning and the possibility for accelerated expertise—in education, training, psychology, academia in general, government, military, or industry. Robert R. Hoffman is a Senior Research Scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition in Pensacola, Florida. Paul Ward is Professor of Psychology and Head of the Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance at the University of Greenwich, UK. Paul J. Feltovich is a Research Scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition in Pensacola, Florida. Lia DiBello, Ph.D., is the CEO and Director of Research at WTRInc., a cognitive sciences research firm that develops products for enhancing business decision-making. Stephen M. Fiore, Ph.D., is President of the Interdisciplinary Network for Group Research, a faculty member in the University of Central Florida’s Cognitive Sciences Program in the Department of Philosophy, and Director of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory at UCF’s Institute for Simulation and Training. Dee H. Andrews is a Senior Research Psychologist with the Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences in Mesa, Arizona. Expertise: Research and Applications Series Editors Robert R. Hoffman, Gary Klein, Michael McNeese, Eduardo Salas, Paul Ward, Sabine Sonnentag, Frank Durso, Emilie Roth, Nancy J. Cooke, Dean K. Simonton Hoc/Caccibue/Hollnagel (1995) – Expertise and Technology: Issues in Cognition and Human-Computer Interaction Hoffman (2007) – Expertise Out of Context Hoffman/Militello (2008) – Perspectives on Cognitive Task Analysis Mieg (2001) – The Social Psychology of Expertise: Case Studies in Research, Professional Domains, and Expert Roles Montgomery/Lipshitz/Brehmer (2004) – How Professionals Make Decisions Mosier/Fischer (2010) – Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex Situations Noice/Noice (1997) – The Nature of Expertise in Professional Acting: A Cognitive View Salas/Klein (2001) – Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making Schraagen/Chipman/Shalin (2000) – Cognitive Task Analysis Zsambok/Klein (1997) – Naturalistic Decision Making AccelerAted expertise Training for High Proficiency in a Complex World Robert R. Hoffman, Paul Ward, Paul J. Feltovich, Lia DiBello, Stephen M. Fiore, and Dee H. Andrews First published 2014 by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of Robert R. Hoffman, Paul Ward, Paul J. Feltovich, Lia DiBello, Stephen M. Fiore, and Dee H. Andrews to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-84872-651-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-84872-652-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-79732-7 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by HWA Text and Data Management, London I would like to dedicate this book to Fred Below, master blues drummer, for showing me some of his special techniques. Robert R. Hoffman I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Stacey, for her love and support and for making the journey incredible; and to my dad, John, for instilling in me the belief that anything is possible. Paul Ward To Robert Glaser, a master for me and many others, who showed us so much about learning. Paul J. Feltovich Dedicated to my grandmother, who pushed me to push the limits, and to the late Sylvia Scribner, a pioneer in the cognition of work, who taught me to find the interesting questions. Lia DiBello I would like to dedicate this book to all those professionals who have dedicated their lives to becoming experts in their fields, for the betterment of society. Stephen M. Fiore Dedicated to my major professor, Dr. Robert Gagne, who served as a fine example of how a gifted scholar can be a true gentleman. Dee H. Andrews This page intentionally left blank contents About the Authors ix Preface xi Series Editor’s Preface xiii Acknowledgments xiv 1 The Value of Expertise and the Need to “Capture” Knowledge 1 2 Accelerated Learning and Its Challenges 9 3 The Nature of Proficiency 17 4 Practice and Feedback 32 5 Transfer 49 6 Retention and Decay 66 7 Problem and Scenario-Based Training 84 8 Team Training 92 9 Demonstrations of Accelerated Expertise 101 10 Domain Case Studies 120 11 Forging a Theory: Cognitive Flexibility and Cognitive Transformation 132 12 Designs for Accelerated Learning: Challenges and Issues 138 viii Contents 13 The Focus of Training: Skills and Abilities 147 14 Research on Accelerated Learning: Training Materials, Methods, and Strategies 156 15 Roadmapping Accelerated Expertise Demonstrations 165 16 Summary 174 Appendix 181 Bibliography 197 Author Index 244 Subject Index 253 About the Authors Robert R. Hoffman is a Senior Research Scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Society, a Fulbright Scholar, and an Honorary Fellow of the British Library (Eccles Center for American Studies). Hoffman is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of the field of “Expertise Studies”. He has conducted extensive research on the knowledge and reasoning skills of expert remote sensing scientists, weather forecasters, and utilities engineers. Hoffman has been recognized internationally for his fundamental contributions to the field of Human-Centered Computing, for his pioneering research on the psychology of expertise, his contributions to the methodology of knowledge elicitation, and his research on human factors issues in the design of workstation systems and knowledge-based systems. Paul Ward is Professor of Psychology and Head of the Centre for Sports Science and Human Performance at the University of Greenwich, UK. He is a Chartered Psychologist and Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society. Previously, he has held faculty appointments as Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of the Applied Cognitive Science and Human Factors graduate program at Michigan Technological University, and as Assistant Professor of Psychology at Florida State University. He is a past recipient of the American Psychological Association, Division 21 (Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology), George E. Briggs Dissertation Award and has published widely in the field of expertise and expert performance. His research focuses on understanding the cognitive system that supports skilled performance and its acquisition in complex domains, and on improving human performance through training. Paul J. Feltovich is a Research Scientist at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola. Dr. Feltovich received his Ph.D. in educational psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1981. He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Learning, Research, and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, from 1978 to 1982. He was a Professor in Medical Education and Psychiatry (honorary) at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1982–2001. He has conducted research on expert-novice differences in complex cognitive skills; conceptual understanding and misunderstanding for complex knowledge; and
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