Abundance of frugivorous birds and richness of fruit resource: is there a temporal relationship?

15 Pages·2000·2.1 MB·English

by  Pulido, Raúl Ortiz

Caldasia 22(1): 93-107
ABUNOANCE OF FRUGIVOROUS BIROS ANO RICHNESS OF
FRUIT RESOURCE: IS THERE A TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP?
R.
ORTIZ-PULlDO
Departamento de Ecología Vegetal, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Apartado 63, Xalapa, Veracruz,
91000, México. [email protected]
Abstraet
Itisbelievedthat theabundance offrugivorous birdsinalandscape isrelated to the
fruit supply ineach vegetation type. Although some evidence for this relationship
exists atthe birdcommunity level, it hasseldom beendemonstrated infrugivorous
bird species that inhabit different vegetation types or succesional gradients in a
landscape. Inthis study, Iassessedthe temporal relationships between the abun-
danceof individual frugivorous birdspeciesandthe richness offruiting ornithocho-
rous plant species in different, contiguous vegetation types in a neotropical
landscape. Monthly variation in abundance of each frugivorous bird species
cannot beexplained bythe richnessoffruiting ornithochorous plant speciesineach
vegetation type. Ifound only two positive correlations out of apossible 42 (four-
teen bird species inthree vegetation tvpes), which could easily bedue to chanceo
Instudies ofthis type, it ispossibleto obtain different results ifthe variables areab-
solute abundance offruit (e.g., numberofripefruits inanarea)orrichness orabun-
dance of specific plant species eaten by each bird species assessed, instead of
richness of fruiting ornithochorous plant species by vegetation type.
Keywords: Frugivorous birds, landscape, ornithochorous plants, vegetation type.
Resumen
Secreequelaabundancia delasavesfrugívoras endiferentes parches deunpaisa-
jeestárelacionada con lariquezadelrecursofruto. Aunque existe evidencia anivel
decomunidad, estarelación pocasveceshasidoprobadacuantitativamente anivel
deespecie paraaves frugívoras quehabitan diferentes tipos devegetación oeta-
passucesionales enunpaisaje. Enestetrabajo evalué, enunpaisajeneotropical, la
relación mensualentre abundancia deespeciesdeavesfrugívoras y riquezadelre-
cursofruto endiferentes tipos devegetación contiguos. Laabundancia mensualde
cadaespeciedeavefrugívora nosepuedeexplicar enfunción delariquezadelas
especiesdeplantas ornitócoras enfruto portipo devegetación. Sóloencontré dos
correlaciones positivas delas42 realizadas(catorce especiesdeavesportres tipos
devegetación), locual bienpodríaserresultado delazar. Enestudios deeste tipo
esposible queseobtenga otro resultado alconsiderar variables como laabundan-
ciaabsoluta delrecurso fruto (v. gr., número defrutos maduros disponibles enun
área)olariqueza oabundancia delasespeciesespecíficas delasque sealimenta
cada especie de ave, envez de lariqueza del recurso por detipo de vegetación.
Palabrasclave: Avesfrugívoras, paisaje,plantasornitócoras, tipo devegetación.
94 Caldasia Vol. 22, No. 1,2000
Introduction ornithocorous plant species in each vegetation
type.
The abundance of frugivorous birds is hypothe-
sized to be positively related to the supply of fruit
resources (Karr 1976, Wheelwright 1983, Blake Study Site
&Loiselle 1991, Loiselle &Blake 1991, Levey &
Field work was carried out atthe Centro de Inves-
Stiles 1992). This relationship has been found to
tigaciones Costeras La Mancha (CICOLMA), 10-
exist between communities of frugivorous birds
cated in the central coastal plain of Veracruz,
and the abundance of ripe fruit inparticular vege-
Mexico (19° 36' N, 96° 22' W; 100m aboye sea
tation types, but ithas been found in few particu-
level). The mean annual temperature is22.9° C,
lar frugivorous bird species within those
maximum extreme 33.3° C and minimum ex-
communities (e.g., Loiselle & Blake 1991, Rey
treme 12.1° C. Annual precipitation varies be-
1995, Herrera 1998). Oftwo different studies ina
tween 900-1800 mm, with a dry season between
tropical rain forests in Costa Rica, there is evi-
October and May (Moreno-Casasola 1982, Blain
dence that abundance of acommunity of frugivo-
1988).
rous birds is correlated on both spatial and
temporal scales with the abundance of fruit re-
Two hundred and sixty-three bird species have
sources within different vegetation types (Levey
been recorded at CICOLMA (Ortiz-Pulido et al.
1988, Loiselle & Blake 1991).
1995, Ortiz-Pulido et al. inpress), and another 35
species that have not yet been reported in the re-
If bird abundance is related to fruit abundance
serve itself are known from the surrounding re-
within a vegetation type at the community level,
gion (López-Portillo et al. 1993, Alvarez 1994).
then one would expect that abundance of individ-
Birds that feed on invertebrates are the most com-
ual bird species within that community is also re-
mon in this area (84% ofthe species) while 36%
lated to other measures of fruit abundance as
of species feed on fruits and 35% inelude verte-
richness ofornithochorous plants. Several studies
brates in their diet (Ortiz-Pulido et al. 1995).
have examined the presence or abundance ofpar-
ticular frugivorous bird species inrelation to fruit
Inthis reserve there are more than 70plant species
availability indifferent vegetation types inaland-
whose fruits have ornithochorous characteristics
scape (e.g., Davies 1945, Wheelwright 1983,
(e.g., red, black or purple skin with aril or pulp,
Murray 1988, Herrera 1985), but few of these
sensu Van der Pijl 1972 and Howe & Westley
studies quantified the relationship (e.g., Loiselle
1988) but birds are known to eat the fruits of only
&Blake 1993, Rey 1995, Herrera 1998; seeHutto
33of these (Ortiz-Pulido 1994). These plants are
1990, Jordano 1992 for reviews). Lack of quanti-
found in seven vegetation types (sensu Novelo
tative studies may be because this relationship be-
1978): shrubs on sand dunes, pastures with iso-
tween individual species and fruit does notexist or
lated standing trees, tropical dry forest, man-
because such a relationship is difficult to detect.
groves, tropical deciduous forest, flooded forest,
and field crops. This study was limited tothe first
In this study, I addressed the hypothesis that
three of these -shrubs, pastures, and dry forest-
monthly number of individuals of each frugivo-
because they comprise the largest part ofthevege-
rous bird species (abundance) is related to
tation in CICOLMA (except for mangrove). Fru-
monthly richness of ornithochorous plant species.
givorous birds cross the vegetation boundaries
To test this hypothesis, I determined monthly
regularly such that abundance patterns of these
abundance of cornmon frugivorous bird species
birds could reflect potential habitat quality
inhabiting three different vegetation types within
(Ortiz-Pulido 1997, Ortiz-Pulido et al. in press).
the Gulf of Mexico coastal region and compared
Over this landscape on a community level, rich-
bird abundance in relation to monthly richness of
95
Ortiz-Pulido: Bird-fruit temporal relations
ness of frugivorous birds and ornithochorous teristics (sensu Howe & Westley 1988) that 1saw
plants are related onamonthly basis (Ortiz-Pulido being eaten bybirds. The systematic method used
et al. in press). to detect these plants (census and focal observa-
tions) and an estimate of missing frugivorous-
ornithochorous interactions in each vegetation
Methods
type (between 0-20%, depending on the analysis
To assess the abundance of cornmon frugivorous used) can be checked elsewhere (Ortiz-Pulido
bird species, 1walked one transect inone patch of 1994, Ortiz-Pulido etal. inpress). For each plant
each of the three vegetation types, three or four collected, I recorded the date, vegetation type,
times per month, from April1992 toMarch 1993. and exact collecting site. Individual plants were
Each transect was approximately 1000mlong and deposited and identified inHerbarium ofthe Insti-
I walked at constant speed for a duration of one tuto de Ecologia, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz
hour twenty minutes. The three vegetation types (XAL). Scientific names are reported following
were surveyed once per day, changing order on Sosa & Gómez-Pompa (1994). I considered the
consecutive days, starting from sunrise to 11:00 monthly total number of plant species with ripe
hours, following Emlen's suggestions (1971, fruit in a vegetation type as the ornithochorous
1977). Survey effort was similar for each vegeta- monthly richness of this vegetation.
tion type -about 44km were walked ineach vege-
To determine the monthly relationship in each
tation type each year. For each bird or group of
vegetation type between abundance of each bird
birds seen, I recorded species, number of indi-
species and richness of ornithochorous plants, I
viduals, and perpendicular distance to the tran-
performed Spearman rank correlations (r.), Idid
sect. 1did not register flying birds and excluded
not test to detect temporal autocorrelation of the
rainy or windy days. In order to reduce bias be-
two assessed variables (Verdú y García-Fayos
cause of different detectability in each vegetation
1994) because the result did not merit it (see be-
type (e.g., in grassland a bird Canbe seen up to
low). Tests of temporal autocorrelation must be
500 maway but indry forest rarely further than 20
done when significant correlations are found.
m), Ialso excluded every bird observed more than
20 m from me. Iconsidered abird species to be
common ifIrecorded it40or more times, and fru- Results
givorous ifIsaw iteating fruits during this study.
I recorded fourteen common frugivorous bird
Iconsidered the total number of monthly records
species in 180 hours of field work. All occurred
ofeach bird species inavegetation type asameas-
inallthree vegetation types. In shrubs Irecorded
ure of the monthly abundance of each species in
321 frugivorous birds, inpastures 300, and indry
this particular vegetation. The monthly richness
forest 461. Monthly number of records by bird
reported here takes into account only the common
species are shown inAppendix 1. Golden-fronted
frugivorous species; the monthly richness of the
Woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifrons) and Social
bird community isdifferent and can be found else-
Flycatcher (Myiozetetes similis) were the most
where (Ortiz-Pulido 1994). Scientific and com-
cornmon species in all vegetation types. AIso
mon names are reported following AOU (1998)
cornmon in shrubs were Northern Mockingbird
and status and feeding guild following Ortiz-
(Mimus polyglottos), in pastures Melodious
Pulido et al. (1995).
Blackbird (Dives dives), and in dry forest Brown
To determine the monthly richness of ornitho- Jay (Cyanocorax morio), Montezuna Oropendola
chorous plant species with ripe fruit, I collected, (Psarocolius moniezumai, Black-headed Trogon
ineach transect (20 mtoeach side), the plant spe- (Trogon melanocephalus), and Scissor-tailed Fly-
cies with ripe fruits with ornithochorous charac- catcher (Tyrannus forficatus). In shrubs I re-
96 Caldasia Vol. 22. No. 1.2000
corded an average of 6.3 ± 0.7 bird species per frugivorous bird species and sorne measure of
month, in pastures 5.1 ± 0.5, and in dry forest fruit availability (Wheelwright 1983, Rey 1995,
7.0 ± 0.8. Bird diversity was highest in shrubs in Herrera 1998). However, two of these studies
April and August (nine species), in pastures in treated the same species, Sylvia atricapilla of
September (eight species) and indry forest inFeb- Eurasia, thus prec1uding broader conc1usions. Of
ruary, March, and May (ten species). five similar studies conducted at the community
level, two found no relationship between abun-
I collected 77 plant species with ornithochorous
dance offrugivorous birds and richness of fruiting
characteristics. I recorded 27 species with ripe
ornithochorous plants (Levey 1988, Herrera
fruits in shrubs, 18in pastures and 60 in dry for-
1998), one found that a relationship did exist
est. Months in which each plant species was re-
(Blake & Loiselle 1991, Loiselle & Blake 1991),
corded are found in Appendix 2. On average 7 ±
while the lasttwo assumed it,but didnottest itsta-
1.1 species had ripe fruits inshrubs during anyone
tistically (Thompson & Willson 1979, Wong
month, 3 ± 0.4 in pastures, and 11 ± 0.6 in dry
1986).
forest. Months with higher richness were Febru-
ary and November in shrubs (twelve species), It could be argued that richness of fruiting plants
May (five) in pastures, and August (fourteen) in isnot the best variable touse, as itprevents detec-
dry forest. tion of other kinds of relationships between the
two groups of organisms, but it is not c1ear what
Two combinations, out of42 tested, ofabundance
other variables would be more suitable (see Hutto
ofparticular frugivorous bird species and richness
1990). For example, when abundance of indi-
of fruiting ornithochorous plants species, showed
viduals in a cornmunity of frugivorous birds was
significant correlations. Northern Mockingbird
examined for correlation with the abundance of
was significantIy related to fruit species richness
fruiting ornithochorous plants, no c1ear relation-
in shrub habitat (rs = 0.84, P < 0.001) as was
ship was found. In two different studies (Levey
Golden-fronted Woodpecker in pastures (rs =
1988, Loiselle & Blake 1991) where the abun-
0.60, P <0.05). Any other data processing (e.g.,
dance ofthree offour frugivorous groups were re-
dephasíng data series one or two months earlier,
lated toabundance of ripe ornithochorous fruits in
or taking into account only plant species whose
three vegetation types, less than 22% of the com-
fruits are reported as ingested by birds in these
binations tested were significantly correlated. In
landscapes) gave a similar result (i.e., zero or
another study Loiselle & Blake (1993) obtained a
three significant correlations among the 42 com-
similar result (13% ofpositive significant correla-
binations).
tions) when they looked for a relationship be-
tween the abundance of five frugivorous bird
species and three fruiting plant species eaten by
Discussion
these birds. However, when they tried to find a
Monthly abundance of the most cornmon frugivo- correlation between each bird and plant species
rous birds species inhabiting the vegetation types studied, they found O.(X}3%of significant correla-
studied cannot be explained as a function of the tions. Something similar was found by Herrera
richness of fruiting ornithochorous plant species (1998), who detected only one significant corre1a-
within a vegetation type. In this study, only two tion out of 112made between Mediterranean bird
bird species showed significant correlations with and plant species. At the community level, it is
richness of fruiting plants, and these correlations possible that abundance of bird species may be
can be explained by chanceo To the best of my better related to the absolute number of fruits
knowledge, only three studies have reported sig- available inavegetation type than other variables.
nificant correlations between the abundance of The results obtained by Loiselle & Blake (1991)
Ortiz-Pulido: Bird-fruittemporal relations 97
and Blake & Loiselle (1991), where three or four 42 combinations tested), where apositive signifi-
of nine correlations were significant, and those of cant correlation was found can be explained as a
Verdú & García-Fayos (1994), where only one result of chanceo Even though my results are
correlation was significant, support this possibil- based on a tiny sample size (one transect walked
ity. For individual bird species, this possibility three or four times by month in each vegetation
remains to be tested at the landscape level more type), myconc1usions are supported bythe lack of
broadly, i.e., considering different vegetation pattems found in other studies.
types. Itisalso possible that arelationship may be
found between individual bird species and fruiting
Acknowledgements
omithochorous plants if the abundance of plant
species ingested by a particular bird species is Ithank J. Laborde for training infield work meth-
considered, ashad been proved for Turdus phi/o- odology, V. Rico-Gray, J. Galindo, M. Carvallo,
melos (Rey 1995), Sylvia atricapilla (Rey 1995, E. Paul, B. Loiselle and D. Levey for suggestions
Herrera 1998), and, partially, for Pharomachrus onearly drafts ofthis manuscript, S.Guevara, the
mocinno (Wheelwright 1983). However, this re- Departamento de Ecología Vegetal del Instituto
lationship remains generally unexplored, possibly de Ecología, A.e. (Proyect 902-16), and CONA-
because of a lack of knowledge about the natural CyT for financial and material support during
history of many frugivorous-omithochorous sys- field work. I wrote this manuscript while I was
tems (Blake et al. 1990). supported by a doctoral study credit-grant from
CONACyT (# 9352171). I appreciate the im-
Inaddition totheother altematives mentioned, the
provements made in English usage by Ellen Paul
lack ofobserved pattems with this set ofbird spe-
through the Association of Field Omithologists'
cies may reflect their ability to use altemative
program of editorial assistance.
food sources. None ofthe species listed inAppen-
dix 1,even the Olive-throated Parakeet (Aratinga
nana), are strictIy frugivorous in the zone (Ortiz-
Pulido et al. 1995, Ortiz-Pulido, unpublished
data). The lack ofpattems may reflect the need to Literature cited
include all food resources used by the bird spe-
cies. In other words, a more general hypothesis ÁLVAREZA,. A. 1994. Distribución espacio-tem-
may be true, i.e., food resources explain bird poral de una comunidad de aves de playa
abundance, but the pattem was not detected be- (aves: Charadriiformes) en una franja costera
cause 1used only fruit resources as the predictor del Municipio de Ursulo Galván, Veracruz.
variable. In the zone tbe studied frugivorous bird Bachelor Thesis. Facultad de Biología, Uni-
versidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz,
species eat the fruits of three to twelve plant
specíes (x =6.8), and ten of these bird species are México.
AOU (AMERICANORNITHOLOGISTU'sNION).1998.
included amung thetwelve most frugivorous birds
Check-list of North American Birds, 6th
in this landscape (Ortiz-Pulido et al. in press).
edition. ABen Press, Lawrence, KS, U.S.A.
Inthis study, the evidence did not support the hy- BLAIN,D. 1988. Factors affecting the early stages
pothesis of a positive relationship between the of regeneration of three tropical tree species
abundance of particular frugivorous bird species inaseasonal forest, Veracruz, Mexico. M. SC.
and the richness of fruiting omithochorous plants Thesis. York University, North York, Ontario,
within three vegetation types. Rare cases (two of Canada.
98 Caldasia Vol. 22, No. 1,2000
BLAKE,1.G., B. A. LmSELLE,T.C. MOERMONDD,. availability and movement patterns in
1.LEVEY,&1.S. DENSLOW1.990. Quantifying neotropical landbirds. American Naturalist
abundance of fruits for birds in tropical 140:447-476.
habitats. Studies inAvian Biology 13:73-79. LOISELLEB, A. & 1. G. BLAKE.1991. Temporal
BLAKE,1.G. &B. A. LmsELLE.1991. Variation in variation in birds and fruits along an
resource abundance affects capture rates of elevational gradient inCosta Rica. Ecology 72:
birds in three lowland habitats in Costa Rica. 180-193.
Auk 108: 114-130. LmsELLE,B A. & J. G. BLAKE.1993. Spatial
DAVIES,D.E. 1945. The annual cycle of plants, distribution ofunderstory Iruit-eatíng birds and
mosquitos, birds, and mammals in two fruiting plants in a neotropical lowland wet
Brazilian forests. Ecological Monographs 15: forest. Vegetatio 107/108: 177-189.
243-295.
LÓPEz-PoRTILLO1,,T.PuLIDO,G.VÁZQUEZP, Mo-
EMLEN,1. T. 1971. Population densities of birds
RENO-CASASOLPA.,ZAMORAF,. GONZÁLEZ&,
derived from transectcounts. Auk 88:323-342.
E. RUELAS.1993. Impacto ambiental de la
EMLEN1,.T. 1977.Estimating breeding season bird
ampliación de la carretera Cardel-Veracruz,
densities from transect counts. Auk 95: 455-
Unpublished Report, Maquinaria deVeracruz,
468.
Gobierno del Estado deVeracruz, México.
HERRERA, C. M. 1985. Habitat-consumer
interactions in frugivorous birds. Pages 341- MORENO-CASASOLPA.,1982. Ecología de la vege-
365 in: M.L. Cody, (ed.). Habitat selection in tación de dunas costeras: factores físicos.
birds. Academic Press, New York. Biótica (México) 7:577-602.
HERRERAC, . M. 1998. Long-term dynamics of MURRAYK,.G. 1988. Avian seed dispersal ofthree
Mediterranean frugivorous birds and fleshy neotropical gap-dependent plants. Ecological
fruits: a 12-year study.Ecological Monographs Monographs 58: 271-298.
68: 511-538.
NOVELOR,.A. 1978. Lavegetación en la Estación
HOWE,H. F. & L. C. WESTLEY.1988. Ecological
Biológica El Morro de La Mancha, Veracruz.
relationships of plants and animals. Oxford
Biótica (México) 3:9-23.
University Press. Oxford.
ORTIZ-PULIOOR., 1994. Frugivoría ydispersión de
HUTTOR, . L. 1990. Measuring the availability of
semillas por aves en La Mancha. Veracruz.
food resources. Studies in Avian Biology 13:
Bachelor Thesis. Facultad deBiología, Univer-
20-28.
sidadVeracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
JORDANOp., 1992. Fruits and frugivory. Pages 105-
ORTIZ-PULIDOR,. 1997. Actividades frugívoras de
156 in:M.Fenner (ed.). Seeds: the ecology of
Tyrannus forficatus en unmosaico de vegeta-
regeneration in plant communities. C.A.B.
ción durante la migración. Ornitología
International. Wallingford, England.
Neotropical8: 237-239.
KARR1, R. 1976.Seasonality, resource availability,
and community diversity in tropical bird ORTIZ-PULIDOR,., H.GÓMEZDESILVAF,.GONZÁLEZ-
communities. American Naturalist 110: 973- GARCfA,& A, ALvAREZ.1995. Avifauna del
994. Centro de Investigaciones La Mancha,
LEVEY,D. J. 1988. Spatial and temporal variation Veracruz, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana
in Costa Rican fruit and fruit-eating bird (nueva serie) 66: 87-118.
abundance. Ecological Monographs 58: 435- ORTIZ-PULIDOR,., 1. LABORDE&, S. GUEVARAIn.
455. press. Frugivoría por aves en unpaisaje frag-
LEVEY,D. & F. G. STILES.1992. Evolutionary mentado: consecuencias en la dispersión de
precursors oflong-distance migration: resource semillas. Biotropica.
99
Ortiz-Pulido: Bird-fruK temporal relations
REy, P.J. 1995. Spatio-temporal variation in fruit VANDERPIJL,L. 1972. Principles of dispersal in
and frugivorous bird abundance in olive higherplants. Second edition. Springer-Verlag,
orchands. Ecolozv 76: 1625-163'i. Berlin.
SOSA, V., & A. GÓMEZ-POMPA. 1994. Lista VERDÚM, . &P.GARcfA-FAYos1.994. Correlations
florística. Fascículo 82. In: Sosa, V. (ed.), between the abundan ces of fruits and
Flora de Veracruz. Instituto de Ecología, frugivorous birds: the effect of temporal
A.e. (México). autocorrelation. Acta Oecologica 15:791-796.
THOMPSON,N1..&M.F.WILLSON1.979.Evolution WHEELWRIGHNT.,T. 1983. Fruits and the ecology
of temperate frui t/bird interactions: oftheresplendent Quetzal. Auk 100:289-30 l.
phenological strategies. Evolution 33: 973- WONG, M. 1986. Trophic organization of
982. understory birds in a Malaysian dipterocarp
forest. Auk 103: 100-116.
Recibido ellO defebrero de 1999.
versuin final aceptada el25 de octubre de 1999.
100 CaldasiaVol. 22, No. 1,2000
APPENDIX 1.Number of frugivorous birds registered per species
per month inthree vegetation types inCICOLMA, Veracruz, Mex.
MONTH
A M J J A S O N D F M
VEGETATION TYPE SHRUBS
SPECIES
Columba flavirostris 5 4 2 2
Aratinga nana 2 2 4
Tyrannus forficatus 2
Trogon melanocephalus
Melanerpes aurifrons 6 6 3 3 6 2 4
Pitangus sulphuratus 5 2 4 7 5
Myiozetetes similis 5 8 3 7 2 27 11 19 7
Tityra semifasciata 2 5 3
Cyanocorax morio 2 3 2 3
Mimus polyglottos 22 6 9 8 3
Dives dives 2 3 11 4 4
lcterus gularis 2 7 2 3
lcterus galbula 9 15 2
Psarocolius montezuma 3
Register \month 23 O 16 21 37 33 18 73 23 39 16 22
Species \month 9 O 5 5 9 7 6 8 6 8 4 8
VEGETATION TYPE PASTURES
SPECIES
Columba flavirostris 3 4 3
Aratinga nana 2 6 9 2 2
Tyrannus [orficatus 26 2
Trogon melanocephalus
Melanerpes aurifrons 4 6 4 7 9 5 3 2 4 6
Pitangus sulphuratus 2 2
Myiozetetes similis 11 11 6 11 4 4 2
Tityra semifasciata
Cyanocorax morio 4 10 7
Ortiz-Pulido: Bird-fruit temporal relations 101
APPENDIX 1.Continued.
MONTH
A M J J A S O N D J F M
Mimus polyglottos
Dives dives 11 6 7 5 15 9
Icterus gularis 7 20
Icterus galbula 10
Psarocolius montezuma 5 2 2 2
Register \month 51 37 23 31 21 57 17 15 13 15 12 8
Species \month 7 6 6 6 5 8 4 4 3 5 5 2
VEGETATION TYPE DRYFOREST
SPECIES
Columba flavirostris 10 7
Aratinga nana 2 4 14 7
Tyrannusforjicatus 37
Trogon melanocephalus 6 3 2 7 17
Melanerpes aurifrons 3 9 9 7 2 2 5 8 14 7
Pitangus sulphuratus 4 3 3 3 5 2
Myiozetetes similis 3 9 6 18 2 4
Tityra semifasciata 5 3 3 4 7 3
Cyanocorax morio 3 17 7 3 3 5 4 11 8
Mimus polyglottos
Dives dives 8 5 2 2 3 2
Icterus gularis 2 2 2
1cterus galbula 3 5
Psarocolius monteruma 10 4 5 3 35 17
Register \month 83 45 35 O 14 18 23 20 12 48 96 67
Species \month 8 10 7 O 5 8 7 7 4 8 10 10
102 Caldasia Vol. 22, No. 1,2000
APPENDIX 2. Plant species with omithocorous characteristics fruiting
inthree vegetation types per month inCICOLMA, Veracruz, Mexico.
MONTH
A M A S O N D J F M
VEGETATION TYPE SHRUBS
SPECIES
Achatocarpus nigricans
Annona glabra
Bromelia pinguin
Brosimun alicastrum
Bursera [agaroides x x
Bursera simaruba x x x x
Cactaceae sp. 1
Capparis baducca
Casearia corymbosa x
Celastraceae sp. 1 x
Celtis caudata x x x x
Chioccoca alba x x x x x x
Chiococca coriaceae
Clethra mexicana
Coceoloba barbadensis x x
Cojoba arborea
Coniza sp. 1 x x x
Cupanea dentata
Cytharexylum hexangulare
Dendropanax arboreus
Desmopsis sp. 1 x x
Diospyros verae-crucis
Erithroxylum havanense
Eugenia acapulcensis
Euphobiaceae sp. 1
Ficus cotinifolia
Ficus obtusifolia x
Guetarda elliptica
Hyperbaena mexicana
Jacquinia sp. 1
Karwinskia humboldtiana x
Lantana camara x x x x x
Malpighia glabra x x x x
Manilkara rapote
Nectandra coriaceae x
Oleaceae-Olacaceae sp. 1
Opuntia stricta x x x x x x x x x
Passiflora sp. 1 x x
Paullinia sp. 1 x