A technical review of cellular radio and analysis of a possible protocol.

94 Pages·1992·4.7 MB·en_US

by  Reese, William David.;Lundy, G. M.;Stevens, Lou.

*
UDfc LIBRARY
HAVALPOSTGRADUATE
SCHOOL
MONTEREY.
CALIFORNIA
93943-5002

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A TECHNICAL REVIEW OF CELLULAR RADIO AND ANALYSIS OF A POSSIBLE PROTOCOL
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16. supplementary NOTATiorrhe views expressed in this thesis are those ofthe author and do notreflect the official
policy or position of the Department ofDefense or the United States Government.
17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECTTERMS (Continueonreverseifnecessaryandidentifybyblocknumber)
FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP
Radio, Television, AM, FM, Cellular Radio, Cellular Radio Protocol
19. ABSTRACT(Continueonreverseifnecessaryandidentifybyblocknumber)
Radio andTelevision technology made possible the field ofcomputerscience. This thesis shows the developmentofradi
and television technology from both an historical and technical aspect. A review of the important researchers and the
contributions is followed by a technical explanation of the theories behind electromagnetic radiation of radio and televisio
signals and the technology which was developed to implement such transmissions. The evolution of development which tr.
paper outlines begins with the some of the first theories about electricity and magnetism and the subsequent mathematics
foundation developed to explain them. This is followed by a number ofexperimental and developmental researchers and the
contributions.
The bulk ofthe paper is concentrated onexplaining the earliest generations ofradio and all generations oftelevision. Tri
majorcomponents ofboth radio and television are described in detail along with an explanation ofwhat they do and how the
work. Such components, in many cases, found important uses in fields outside those for which they were developed. A brie
overview of the regulatory environment of each technology and the U.S. and international standardization efforts is als
included.
Finally, the paperillustrates amodem-day applicationofradiotechnology-thecellularradio industry. A descriptionofth
components and theirfunctions is followed by a possible cellularradio protocol and analysis.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
A Technical Review ofCellular Radio and
Analysis ofa Possible Protocol
by
William David Reese
Captain, United States Army
B.S., Colorado State University, 1980
M.S., Colorado State University, 1989
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
September 1992
ABSTRACT
Radio and television technology made the field ofcellular radio possible. This thesis
shows the development of radio and television technology from both an historical and
technical aspect. A review ofthe important researchers and their contributions is followed
by a technical explanation of the theories behind electromagnetic radiation of radio and
television signals and the technology which was developed to implement such
transmissions. The evolution ofdevelopment which the paperoutlines begins with some of
the first theories about electricity and magnetism and the subsequent mathematical
foundation developed to explain them. This is followed by a number of experimental and
developmental researchers and their contributions.
The bulk of the paper is concentrated on explaining the earliest generations of radio
and all generations of television. The major components of both radio and television are
described in detail along with an explanation of what they do and how they work. Such
components, in many cases, found important uses in fields outside those for which they
were developed. A brief overview of the regulatory environment of each technology and
the U.S. and international standardization efforts is also included.
Finally, the paper illustrates a modern-day application of radio technology-the
cellular radio industry. A description ofthe components and their functions is followed by
a possible cellular radio protocol and analysis.
m
4(277f
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I. 7
II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS 9
EARLY RADIO
A. 9
1. The Pioneers 9
2. Time line ofRadio Evolution 19
MODERN RADIO
B. 21
TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
IE. 22
A. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EXPLAINED 22
1. Maxwell's Equations—a Brief Explanation 22
2. Electromagnetic Wave Components 23
3. Radiation ofElectromagnetic Fields 25
B. RADIO COMPONENTS & HOW THEY WORKED 29
1. Spark Transmitters 29
2. Continuous Wave Transmitters 31
3. Coherers and Receivers 31
4. Aerials 33
5. Tuners 35
6. Amplifiers 36
7. Modulators 40
8. RF Generators 40
9. Loudspeakers 41
10. Transistors 44
11. Integrated Circuits 46
C THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 46
D. AMPLITUDE MODULATION 47
FREQUENCY MODULATION
E. 50
IV. TELEVISION 52
A. EARLY HISTORY 52
B. MECHANICAL TELEVISION SYSTEMS 53
C ELECTRONIC TELEVISION SYSTEMS 55
1. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 55
2. Electron Cameras 56
3. Pioneers ofElectronic Television 57
D. COLOR TELEVISION 58
E. HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (HDTV) 59
HDTV
1. Early Developments 60
2. Current Trends 60
F. REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR TELEVISION 61
1. United States (NTSC) Standards for Television 62
2. International Television System Standards 64
V. SPECIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF A CELLULAR RADIO NETWORK ...66
IV
pUDLEYKNOXLIBRARY
NAVALPOSTGRADUATESCHOOL
MONTEREY.CALIFORNIA93943-5002
A. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 66
CELLULAR RADIO PROTOCOL
B. 68
1. Cellular Radio Components 68
2. A Protocol for Cellular Radio 70
3. Analysis 75
SUMMARY OF CELLULAR RADIO PROTOCOL ANALYSIS
C. 81
CONCLUSION
VI. 82
LIST OF REFERENCES 84
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 85
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1, A CAPACITOR 24
Figure 2, MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE 25
Figure 3, HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA 26
Figure 4, E-FIELDS AT MAXIMUM & DECLINING VOLTAGE 27
Figure 5, E-FIELDS DURING PERIODS OF NO
VOLTAGE AND INCREASING VOLTAGE 28
THE HERTZ OSCILLATOR
Figure 6, 30
QUARTER-WAVE ANTENNA
Figure 7, 35
Figure 8, EDISON'S MODIFIED TWO-ELECTRODE TUBE
(THE FLEMING VALVE) 37
Figure 9, DE FOREST'S AUDION 39
Figure 10, CROSS-SECTION OF A MOVING-COIL LOUDSPEAKER 43
Figure 11, FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR-NO VOLTAGE 45
Figure 12, FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR WITH VOLTAGE APPLIED 45
ORIGINAL LOW-FREQUENCY AUDIBLE
Figure 13,
SOUND WAVE TO BE BROADCAST 49
Figure 14, RADIO-FREQUENCY CARRIER WAVE
GENERATED FOR BROADCAST OF THE SOUND 49
CARRIER WAVE WITH AMPLITUDE
Figure 15,
ADJUSTED TO "CARRY" THE SOUND WAVE 49
Figure 16, AUDIBLE LOW-FREQUENCY WAVE TO BE TRANSMITTED 51
Figure 17, RESULTING FREQUENCY-MODULATED (FM) WAVE 51
Figure 18, THE NIPKOW SCANNING DISK 54
Figure 19, PAUL NIPKOW'S ELECTRIC TELESCOPE OF 1884[SHIE77] 54
Figure 20, THE EMITRON TELEVISION CAMERA 56
Figure 21, CELLULAR NETWORK 67
Figure 22, CELLULAR TELEPHONE FSM 71
Figure 23, ANTENNA FSM 73
MTCOFSM
Figure 24, 74
Figure 25, SUBSCRIBER-ORIGINATED CALL ANALYSIS 77
Figure 26, CALL HAND-OFF/TERMINATION 78
Figure 27, SUBSCRIBER-DESTINATION CALL ANALYSIS 80
VI