A systems approach to lithium-ion battery management

301 Pages·2014·4.37 MB·English

by  Weicker

A Systems Approach to
Lithium-Ion Battery Management
Recent Artech House Titles
in Power Engineering
Dr. Jianhui Wang, Series Editor
The Advanced Smart Grid: Edge Power Driving Sustainability,
Andres Carvallo and John Cooper
Battery Management Systems for Large Lithium Ion Battery Packs,
Davide Andrea
Battery Power Management for Portable Devices,
Yevgen Barsukov and Jinrong Qian
Designing Control Loops for Linear and Switching Power Supplies:
A Tutorial Guide, Christophe Basso
Electric Systems Operations: Evolving to the Modern Grid,
Mani Vadari
Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Systems, Stephen Beeby and
Neil White
GIS for Enhanced Electric Utility Performance, Bill Meehan
Power Line Communications in Practice, Xavier Carcelle
Power System State Estimation, Mukhtar Ahmad
A Systems Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Management,
Phillip Weicker
Synergies for Sustainable Energy, Elvin Yüzügüllü
A Systems Approach to
Lithium-Ion Battery Management
Phillip Weicker
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by Vicki Kane
ISBN 13: 978-1-60807-659-8
© 2014 ARTECH HOUSE
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been
appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of
a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
mark.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the memory of my mother

Contents
1 Introduction 17
1.1 Battery Management Systems and Applications 17
1.2 State of the Art 18
1.3 Challenges 22
2 Lithium-Ion Battery Fundamentals 25
2.1 Battery Operation 25
2.2 Battery Construction 26
2.3 Battery Chemistry 29
2.4 Safety 35
2.5 Longevity 38
2.6 Performance 39
2.7 Integration 40
3 Large-Format Systems 43
3.1 Definition 43
7
8 A Systems Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Management Contents 9
3.2 Balance of Plant 45
3.3 Load Interface 46
3.4 Variation and Divergence 47
3.5 Application Parameters 48
4 System Description 51
4.1 Typical Inputs 52
4.2 Typical Outputs 54
4.3 Typical Functions 56
4.4 Summary 57
5 Architectures 59
5.1 Monolithic 59
5.2 Distributed 61
5.3 Semi-Distributed 61
5.4 Connection Methods 63
5.5 Additional Scalability 65
5.6 Battery Pack Architectures 66
5.7 Power Supply 67
5.8 Control Power 68
5.9 Computing Architecture 69
6 Measurement 71
6.1 Cell Voltage Measurement 71
6.2 Current Measurement 77
6.2.1 Current Sensors 78
6.2.2 Current Sense Measurement 84
6.3 Synchronization of Current and Voltage 86
8 A Systems Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Management Contents 9
6.4 Temperature Measurement 87
6.5 Measurement Uncertainty and Battery Management
System Performance 92
6.6 Interlock Status 92
7 Control 95
7.1 Contactor Control 95
7.2 Soft Start or Precharge Circuits 97
7.3 Control Topologies 99
7.4 Contactor Opening Transients 101
7.5 Chatter Detection 102
7.6 Economizers 104
7.7 Contactor Topologies 105
7.8 Contactor Fault Detection 106
8 Battery Management System Functionality 111
8.1 Charging Strategies 111
8.1.1 CC/CV Charging Method 111
8.1.2 Target Voltage Method 112
8.1.3 Constant Current Method 113
8.2 Thermal Management 114
8.3 Operational Modes 115
9 High-Voltage Electronics Fundamentals 119
9.1 High-Voltage DC Hazards 119
9.2 Safety of High-Voltage Electronics 120
9.3 Conductive Anodic Filaments 123
9.4 Floating Measurements 124
9.4.1 Y-Capacitance 125