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A SYSTEMATIC ORTHOGRAPHY FORWRITING IFUGAO1 HAROLD CONKLIN C. Yale University SYMBOLS 1. Asimpleway ofwriting Ifugaorequiresonly 19lowercase letters(5 vowelsand 14 consonants)and 1 longmark. . PHONETICNOTES 3. Ifugao words always begin with a consonant (C), though they may end in either a consonant or a vowel (V). Intervocalically, consonants occur as -C-, -CgC,-, or -CjC,-. Vowelsmayoccurmediallyorfinallyas-V,-V(Vl9or-VtV2. Inpiefinalsyllablestheymay occurinlong (V)aswellasin short, unmarked(V)form. In syllable-initialposition, thelax, voicedstops, b, d, andg, show awide varietyof affricationandothertypesofcoarticulation.7 Similarly,insyllable-finalposition,thelateral /andfricativehcoverabroadphoneticrangefrom[1] to[&>asintheAmericanEnglish r] and from [h] and 0] to [s], respectively. These noncontrastive positional variants are automaticallydeterminedbythephonologicalrulesofeachdialectanddonotrequireminute differentiationorthographically. Thisphoneticrichness,however,partlyaccountsforthe manyandfrequentlyinconsistentandconsequentlyconfusing waysthese phonemeshave beenwrittenovermanydecadesbydifferentforeignandlocalwriters. Forexample,/q/has beenindicatedbyahyphen,anapostrophe,graveandcircumflexaccents,j,h,ornothing; /b/byb, f, bf,ph,py,orwf;/d/byd, ts,orch;titby1,r, g,ore;Ihlbyh,j, s, ornothing. ThedisplaybelowsummarizessomeofthepertinentdataforBaynTnanIfugao. Similar tablescanbedrawnupforanyIfugaodialectandinmostcasesthephonemicorthography usedwillremainintact. (ThesystemusedonthemapsandinthetextoftheEthnographic AtlasofIfugao is congruent with the analysis presented here. Vowel length is marked identically, glottalstop isalwaysindicatedbyaraisedcomma, t)iswrittenasng; andin initiallycapitalizedpropernames,/qV-/becomesV-,e.g.,AmgSnad. Similarlycongruent, since 1968, aretheorthographiesusedinSummerInstituteofLinguistics worksonBatad Ifugaolexicography.) /*/• [q] M tn~[V:] ¥ [£l IXI [£) *Intomedialects,thesethreeconsonantsoccurinitiallyasfricatives. *Virgules//enclosephonemic symbols,squarebrackets [J setoffsubphonemic,allophonic variants. Q Diacriticsusedtoindicatephoneticdetailinclude: tenseness,JJUxuess,Q'palatalizatibu,and(funreleased closure^standsforanonsyllabicretroflexed unroundedmidcentralvowel. OntypewritersandcomputerslackingmeansofrepresentingdietwononstandardEnglishkeyboardsigns, hand ,theformercanbetypedasN, a*r(aletternotusedintheIfugao'alphabet'sothatonlythehookedlower righttail'needstobeaddedbyhand:g),orinmostcasesasng;inplaceofthelatter,afollowingcolon(:)orany availableaccentcanbeused(e.g.,~,\or*)inasmuchasonlyonephonemicmarkisneeded.Thus,bu.tung, btituN orbfanforMm?. Where[s]hasbecomeanoncontrastivebutcommonpronunciationforAi/inpositionsother thanafter/!/,underscoringmaybeemployed. Thus,fyenh^h**wellashenhuh,for'census* CONKLIN iki [iC]-[k] /b/ \&fr\.\&\.\.&} AJ/ l&- ]-[&].[rf] /g/ [Jg(a)-],[J&],[-iP IM [1- ],[-y]~[Eng."-r"] W [h- ],[-(i)'s]•,'[{-{:o}].x ] 4. SAMPLETEXT9 (andfreetranslation) nanqaatdipanBdoqtuqudbaynihan nan panudoqtuqud bayninan ya maphod ti qagqagah bahSon muqun qinnlla nan naqohhayanannaduwwankanhenenqumatgohnannaqofahayanannaduwwanbawel, qihaqqSdanhigalihnanbaqtundibawelqanmaqSyundipaqali,yaquhalongonanq yananqbiqawadandiqahapfllanda,taqinnilaonhinahamaddiqaton.nanmeklon("*) yaquhalon qanpaqalih hinanbaqtun dibawel qanmaqayun dipaqali, qumathinan qtme, qttyun,qaliguyun, baqjbaq, balluha, y&pentolan.nanqyaqohankanhenenqan quhalonmuqunmakohhSpetdibagaqqunqayyonhinanhfpun,gawwaha,yadiqpuhdi bapet qumat hinan qamat, qemog; baqi, bTqal; baqlo, hulqud; ya habloq, qaggeq, qayyoq, yaqSlaq. yanangyapaddugnanpagalihnan 'ng' qanqohaykanhenenqan qumathinanrfidan, qoqal, gtqa, botqeyabaqbai) OurSystemofWriting inBayninan Baynihanwritingworkswell,it'seasytoreadbecausewedistinguishsingleanddouble consonantsaswellassingleanddoublevowels,placealineoverlongvowels,andalways use q's and q's to mark needed glottal stops and bad: nasals, respectively. More explicitly,amacron(~)isusedtomarkthevowelsinlongsyllables,suchasinqime, A qttyun,qaligByun,batfban,ballttha,andpentdlan. 4marksinitial,internal,andfinal glottalstops,suchasinqamat,qemog;bkqi,bTqal;baqlo, hulqud;andhabloq,qaggeq, qayyoq,andqalaq. An9standsforthedigraph4ng'whenitrepresentsasingleconsonant, suchasinifidan, qoryil, guja, botqeandbaqbaq. A Conklin,Harold. 1991. systematic orthographyforwritingIfugao. PhilippineJournalofLinguistics 22:1-2:31-36. 9WrittcibyBOganDoyog.