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A study of the performance of selected groups of five-year-olds on the Leiter International Performance Scale PDF

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Preview A study of the performance of selected groups of five-year-olds on the Leiter International Performance Scale

A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SEIOTED GROUPS OF FIVE-XEAR-OIDS OH THE ZSZIBR ZNIBinATIOHAL FIRFCmmHCE SCALE Compared with the Revised Stanford-Binet, Form L, and the Grace Arthur Scale of Performance Tests on Croups Selected According to Known Environmental Differences fey Miriam E. Tate A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Child Welfare in the Graduate College of the 5tate University of Iowa June 1950 ProQuest Number: 10598604 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10598604 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 W 'A;lV 'A T \ c\b o ° J 3 M Cop, Ql AcmmiMGrnms The writer la indebted to the many people who have helped in making this research a fait accompli t to Br* Beth L. Wellman for her patience and guidance in directing the study and, especially, in direct­ ing the preparation of the manuscript; to Dr. Russell G* Leiter for his enthusiasm and generosity in making available test materials and source data; to I* A. Ops tad, Superintendent of the Iowa City public schools; to the elementary school principals and kindergarten teachers; to Dr. Robert C* Hammerer, psychologist with the Iowa Board of Control of State Insti­ tutions ; to the succeeding superintendents of the Iowa Annie Wittennayer Home, Mr* E. G. Wiggins and Mr* H. R. McFhail; and to the staff of the University of Iowa preschool laboratories for their cooperation during the collecting of the data; to Dr* Orvis C* Irwin and Mr. Charles Spiker for their assistance with the statistical treatment of the data; to Mr. Chandler Screven for taking the pictures; to Ifar* l&nvill© Bro for typing the manuscript; and to the fellow students and friends for their sugges­ tions and encouragement* ii TABLE OF CQUOTT3 page Chapter I Introduction • .......................................... . ♦ 1 Chapter XX The Literature . . ......................... 7 Chapter XU Subjects and Procedure • * * • # . • • • 12 Chapter 17 Intra-test Analysis of the Leiter International Performance Seale. . . . . 26 Chapter 7 Inter-test Comparison i Analysis of Variance, Correlations • • • 44 Chapter 71 Summary and Conclusions. . ...........................57 Appendix A . . • * • • • • • • . • • » . .......................... 61 Appendix B . * * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Bibliography .................... @5 iii The University of Iowa LIBRARIES TABLE OF TABLES page Table 1 Age Distribution of Subjects According to Seat and Group. 15 Table II Distribution of Preschool Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table IH Distribution of Subjects According to Occupation of Father . . . . . . . . . .................... 15 Table I? Education of the Fathers According to Groups . . . . . . 16 Table V Education of the Mothers According to Groups........................17 Table VI Distribution of Subjects According to Kindergartens. . . 17 Table VII length of Residence In the Iowa Annie Wittenmyer Home. • 18 Table VIII Distribution of Subjects According to Length of Testing Interval .................... . . . . 24 Table IS IT® ANALYSIS s Percentage of Children Passing Each Sub-test of the Letter International Performance Scale, According to Experimental Groups and Sex, Compared to Loiter *s Standardisation Group of Five-Year-Old s . . . . 59 Table X ITEM ANALYSIS; Percentage of Children Passing Each Sub-test of the Leiter International Performance Scale; Comparison of Socioeconomic Groups . . • * . . . • • • • 4 1 Table XI Analysis of Variance ............................• • • • • * • 4 5 Table XH-A Means, Standard Deviations, and Standard Errors of the Means of Performance and Intelligence Quotients for the Experimental Groups and Total. . . . . . . • • • • • • • 4 5 Table XII-B t Test of Differences between Test Means for Experi­ mental Groups. . . . . . 46 Table XII-C t Test of Differences between Group Means for Three Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . • • • • • • 4 6 Table XIII Bang©, Means, and Standard Deviations of Leiter Intel­ ligence Quotients in Two Scoring Systems According to Experimental Groups. • • • • • 5 0 iv TABLE OF TABLKS (Coat.) page Table HV-A Bange, Means, and Standard Deviations of Performance and Intelligence Quotients for 108 Pive-Xear-Olds • • . . S& Table XIV-B Bange, Means, and Standard Deviations of the Perform­ ance and Mental Ages in Months for 108 Five-Tear-Olds • • 52 Table IF Inter-test Comparison! Bange and Mean Difference between Intelligence Quotients According to Experi­ mental Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *54 Table XVI Inter-test Correlations (Pearson Produet-moments) la Terms of Mental Ages and Intelligence Quotients . . . . 15 Table XVIX Sequence of Test Administrations Subjects Assigned to Sequence, According to Sex and Experimental Groups. 61 Table XVIII Bangs, Means and Standard Deviations of the Mental Ages (Expressed in Months) Obtained on Three Tests According to Experimental Groups . . . . . . . 8 2 v TABLE OF PLATES page Plate 1 Typical arrangement of materials during administration of the Leiter Xnteraation Performance Scale, Test material shown Is I? - 2 Eight Forms,.................... ♦ 27 Plate 2 Test material® of the Leiter International Performance Scale, Test material shown is ? - 1 Genus,, 28 vi X Chapter I xm mm rKM The measurement of intelligence 1®, relatively speaking, a long worked area in the field of psychological research; yet it has not been overworked for, as the tools of research are refined, nm problems are uncovered. The earliest attempt at defining and measuring intelligent behavior occurred before the turn of the century, but the work of Dr* Al­ fred Binet published in France in 190S set the pattern for much of the Interwork. He is generally regarded as the illustrious ancestor of the intelligence test. The history of the Binet-type or verbal scale and its many revisions in this country is too commonly known to even the be­ ginning student of psychology to be reviewed h e r e S u ffic e it to say that the Binet-type test has been regarded generally as the standard instrument for measuring intelligence and has been thus employed in studying the influence of various factors upon the development of intelligence, In recent years, however, there has been a growing dissatisfac­ tion with tests of this type. Scientists in the areas of sociology and psychology have raised the question a® to whether research findings have not been partly a function of the instrument employed as well as of the purportedly operating factors; this question has been raised most . ________ _ \ 1, The reader is referred to Henry 3* Garrett, Great Experiments In Psychology. Rev. Edit •, Appleton-Gentury Company, 1941, pp. 1-30, for a comprehensive history of the Binet test. See Reference (3) in bibliography. z pertinently in regard to the study of environmental differences • The criticism has been that the highly verbal Binet—type test discriminates against the economically and educationally handicapped. On the other hand, individual performance tests and batteries of such tests which have been used extensively to supplement Binet-type results, rely heavily upon manual dexterity and speed; as valid indica­ tors of intellectual functioning, they are far from satisfactory. One suggested solution would b©{ a non-verbal test of relatively culture-free content itiich w ill assess behavior indicative of a functioning in telli­ gence^ for example, reasoning and grasp of abstract concepts. The Leiter International Performance Scale purports to be such a test. The Leiter International Performance Scale The Leiter International Performance Scale was developed by Dr. Bussell G. Leiter in 1950-56 and standardised on Hawaiian-born orien­ tal children in 1956 (17) and on white California-born children in 1958 (28). k non-language test utilising Binet-type material, it m s con­ structed originally to be a valid Instrument for comparing th© intellec­ tual development of children from widely divergent cultures • Subsequent to the 1958 study, 1^ was restandardised on California Caucasian children in order to make it useful to clinicians in the United States who "would wish to speak of the test performance of the foreign, the deaf, and the child of varying degrees of language or speech handicaps or deafness, in terms of th© clinicians1 asm orientation.ft^ 2. Bussell G. Leiter, MA comparative study of the general intelligence of Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese children as measured by the Leiter International Performance Scale,” Doctoral dissertation, 1958, Univ. of Southern California, p. 189. Reference (28) in bibliography. 5 The present Seale consists of four sub-tests at each age level, two to eighteen years* The Caucasian standardisation was mad© on 35 children at each age level, five through twelve years | 12 four-year-olds and 13 three-year-olds were also tested* Leiter states that the chil­ dren* s ages were calculated from their last birthday; thus, the five-year- olds averaged, as a group, five and one-half years, the six-year-olds six and a half, etc.3 These California children came from average to lew average socioeconomic backgrounds. Of the environment of the standard­ isation group, Leiter state® (5)t In many respects their physical environment was quite comparable to the physical environment of the Oriental child of Honolulu If the tongue used in the home were not taken into consideration. At least it is certain that children from many, many other localities would have scored higher • Leiter ha® recommended his scale as "superior to scales of the Binet-type for use in psychological clinic® even with children who might otherwise be able to take a test involving language, because (a) greater objectivity of scoring; (b) greater novelty of the tasks set the child; and (c) less chance of experience entering into the test results." The Problem The present research set for itse lf a three-fold problem* the primary aim of the study was that of evaluating the underlying hypothesis in the construction of the Leiter International Performance Scale; namely, 3* Specifically, the average C.A* for the "five year group" m s 66.09 months; for the "six year group", 77*05 months* For other years see Table XIII, p# 197 of Reference (28).

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