A Student's Introduction to English Grammar

422 Pages·2022·11.637 MB·English

by  Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, Brett Reynolds

A Student’s
Introduction to
English
Grammar
Second Edition
Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum
and Brett Reynolds

’
A Student s Introduction to English Grammar
SECOND EDITION
Aneweditionofasuccessfulundergraduatetextbookoncontemporary
internationalStandardEnglishgrammar,basedonHuddlestonand
Pullum’searlieraward-winningwork,TheCambridgeGrammarofthe
EnglishLanguage(2002).Theanalysesdefendedthereareoutlinedhere
morebriefly,inanengaginglyaccessibleandinformalstyle.Errorsof
theoldertraditionofEnglishgrammararenotedandcorrected,andthe
excessesofprescriptiveusagemanualsarefirmlyrebuttedinspecially
highlightednotesthatexplainwhatolderauthoritieshavecalled
‘incorrect’andshowwhythoseauthoritiesaremistaken.Intendedfor
studentsincollegesoruniversitieswhohavelittleornobackgroundin
grammarorlinguistics,thisteachingresourcecontainsnumerous
exercisesandonlineresourcessuitableforanycourseonthestructure
ofEnglishineitherlinguisticsorEnglishdepartments.Athoroughly
modernundergraduatetextbook,rewritteninaneasy-to-read
conversationalstylewithaminimumoftechnicalandtheoretical
terminology.
RodneyHuddlestonwaseducatedatCambridgeandEdinburgh,and
taughtEnglishlanguageattheUniversityofQueenslandforthe
majorityofhiscareerbeforebeginningadecadeoffull-timework
leadingtheteamthatproducedTheCambridgeGrammaroftheEnglish
Language(CGEL)in2002.
GeoffreyK.Pullum,aco-authorofCGEL,waseducatedatYork,
Cambridge,andLondon,andhastaughtlinguisticsatUniversity
CollegeLondon,theUniversityofCalifornia,andtheUniversityof
Edinburgh.
BrettReynoldswaseducatedatTempleUniversityinTokyoandis
aprofessoratHumberCollege,Toronto,specializinginacademic
EnglishandtheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguage.

’
A Student s Introduction
to English Grammar
SECOND EDITION
Rodney Huddleston
Geoffrey K. Pullum
Brett Reynolds
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/highereducation/isbn/9781316514641
DOI:10.1017/9781009085748
Firstedition©RodneyHuddlestonandGeoffreyK.Pullum2005
Secondedition©RodneyHuddleston,GeoffreyK.PullumandBrettReynolds2022
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
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Firstedition2005
19thprinting2020
Secondedition2022
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AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Huddleston,RodneyD.,author.|Pullum,GeoffreyK.author.|
Reynolds,Brett,1969–author.
Title:Astudent'sintroductiontoEnglishgrammar/RodneyHuddleston,
GeoffreyK.Pullum,BrettReynolds.
Description:Secondedition.|[Cambridge,UnitedKingdom];[NewYork,
N.Y.]:CambridgeUniversityPress,2021.|Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2021025054(print)|LCCN2021025055(ebook)|
ISBN 9781316514641(hardback)|ISBN9781009088015(paperback)|
ISBN 9781009085748(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Englishlanguage–Grammar.|BISAC:LANGUAGEARTS&
DISCIPLINES/General
Classification:LCCPE1112.H792021(print)|LCCPE1112(ebook)|
DDC 428.2–dc22
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021025054
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021025055
ISBN978-1-316-51464-1Hardback
ISBN978-1-009-08801-5Paperback
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Contents
PrefacefortheStudent pagexi
PrefacefortheInstructor xiii
ListofAbbreviations xviii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 TheEnglishLanguage 1
1.2 DescribingandAdvising 7
1.3 TheStructureofSentences 11
1.4 InvestigationandDisconfirmation 14
ExercisesonChapter1 18
2 OverviewoftheBook 20
2.1 WordFormsandLexemes 20
2.2 PhrasesandClauses 23
2.3 VerbsandVerbPhrases 25
2.4 ComplementsintheClause 26
2.5 NounsandNounPhrases 27
2.6 AdjectivesandAdverbs 29
2.7 Prepositions 31
2.8 Adjuncts 33
2.9 Negation 33
2.10 ClauseType 34
2.11 SubordinateClauses 34
2.12 RelativeConstructions 35
2.13 ComparativeandSuperlativeConstructions 35
2.14 Non-FiniteClauses 35
2.15 Coordination 36
2.16 InformationPackaging 37
Appendix:NotationalConventions 38
ExercisesonChapter2 39
3 VerbsandVerbPhrases 42
3.1 VerbInflection 42
3.2 AuxiliaryVerbs 50
v
vi TableofContents
3.3 PerfectiveandImperfectiveInterpretations 56
3.4 PrimaryTense:ThePresentandPreterite 58
3.5 SecondaryTense:ThePerfect 63
3.6 ProgressiveAspect 67
3.7 ModalityandtheModalSystem 69
ExercisesonChapter3 80
4 ComplementsinClauses 87
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 TheSubject 92
4.3 TheObject 96
4.4 PredicativeComplements 99
4.5 OverviewofComplementationinVPs 104
ExercisesonChapter4 106
5 NounsandDeterminatives 112
5.1 Introduction 112
5.2 NumberandCountability 116
5.3 DeterminersandDeterminatives 123
5.4 ComplementsinNPStructure 127
5.5 InternalModifiersinNominals 129
5.6 ExternalModifiers 131
5.7 TheFused-HeadConstruction 133
5.8 Pronouns 137
5.9 GenitiveCase 147
ExercisesonChapter5 151
6 AdjectivesandAdverbs 157
6.1 Adjectives 157
6.2 Adverbs 169
ExercisesonChapter6 173
7 PrepositionsandParticles 179
7.1 TheTraditionalCategoryofPrepositions 179
7.2 ExtendingthePrepositionCategory 181
7.3 FurtherCategoryContrasts 186
7.4 GrammaticizedUsesofPrepositions 189
7.5 PrepositionStranding 191
7.6 TheStructureofPPs 194
7.7 PPComplementsinClauseStructure 197
7.8 PrepositionalIdiomsandFossilization 201
ExercisesonChapter7 203
TableofContents vii
8 Adjuncts:ModifiersandSupplements 208
8.1 Introduction 208
8.2 Manner,Means,andInstrument 211
8.3 Act-RelatedAdjuncts 212
8.4 SpaceandTime 212
8.5 Degree 214
8.6 Purpose,Reason,andResult 214
8.7 Concessives 215
8.8 Conditionals 216
8.9 FourOtherClause-ModifyingAdjuncts 217
8.10 ConnectiveAdjuncts 220
8.11 Supplements 221
ExercisesonChapter8 223
9 Negation 229
9.1 NegativeandPositiveClauses 229
9.2 SubclausalNegation 230
9.3 ClausalNegation 232
9.4 Non-AffirmativeItems 235
9.5 ScopeofNegation 236
ExercisesonChapter9 237
10 ClauseType 241
10.1 SpeechActsandTypesofClause 241
10.2 InterrogativesandQuestions 244
10.3 Exclamatives 253
10.4 ImperativesandDirectives 254
10.5 PerformativeUseofSpeechActVerbs 257
10.6 MinorClauseTypes 258
ExercisesonChapter10 258
11 SubordinateClauses 262
11.1 Subordination 262
11.2 ClauseTypeinContentClauses 263
11.3 DeclarativeContentClauses 264
11.4 InterrogativeContentClauses 267
11.5 ExclamativeContentClauses 269
ExercisesonChapter11 270
12 RelativeConstructions 276
12.1 RelativeClausesasModifiersinNominals 276
viii TableofContents
12.2 IntegratedversusSupplementaryRelatives 282
12.3 IntegratedandSupplementaryRelativeWords 287
12.4 FusedRelatives 289
12.5 ARelativeClausethatDoesn’tModifyaNoun 292
ExercisesonChapter12 292
13 ComparativesandSuperlatives 297
13.1 GradeInflection 297
13.2 MoreandMost 300
13.3 LessandLeast 301
13.4 ComparisonofEquality 302
13.5 Non-ScalarComparison 303
13.6 ComparativeClauses 304
ExercisesonChapter13 306
14 Non-FiniteClauses 311
14.1 FiniteandNon-FiniteClauses 311
14.2 TheFormandMeaningofNon-FiniteClauses 312
14.3 TheFunctionsofNon-FiniteClauses 321
14.4 TransparentVerbsandRaisedSubjects 324
14.5 VerblessClauses 336
ExercisesonChapter14 337
15 Coordinations 341
15.1 TheStructureofCoordinations 341
15.2 DistinctiveSyntacticPropertiesofCoordination 344
15.3 TheOrderofCoordinatedConstituents 349
15.4 TheMarkingofCoordination 350
15.5 LayeredCoordination 352
15.6 Main-ClauseandLower-LevelCoordination 352
15.7 JointversusDistributiveCoordination 354
15.8 Non-BasicCoordination 354
ExercisesonChapter15 357
16 InformationStructure 360
16.1 Introduction 360
16.2 PassiveClauses 362
16.3 Extraposition 371
16.4 ExistentialClauses 374
16.5 TheIt-CleftConstruction 377
16.6 Pseudo-Clefts 380