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A StudenItn'tsr odutcotE inognl ish Grammar Thsi groundbreauknidnegr gradtueaxtteb ooonk modem Standard Engligsrha mmairst hefi rstto bbae seodn t her evolutiaodnvaarnyco efs thea uthoprrse'iv ouwso rkT,h eC ambriGdragmem ar tohfEe n glish Langua(g2e0 0w2i)n,n oefrt he2 00L4e onaBrldo omfieBlodo kA warodf theL inguiSsotciice otfAy m ericTah.ea nalysdeesf endtehde raer eo ut liendh ermeo reb riefliyna, n e ngaginagclcsyes ibalnedi nformsatly le. Errorosf t heo ldetrr adiotfiE onng ligsrha mmaarr e noatnedcd o rrected, andt hee xcessoefsp rescriupstaigvmeea nualasr efi rmlrye butitnes dp e cialhliyg hlignhotteedts h aetx palinw hato ldearu thorihtaiveecs a lled 'incorraencdts 'h oww hyt hosaeu thoraitriemei ss taken. Thisb ooki si ntenfdoersd t udeinntc so lleogreu sn ievrsitwiheohs a ve littloer n op reviboaucsk groiunng dr ammaarn,d p resuppnoosl eisn guis ticIstc. o ntnasei xecrisaensd a wealotfho thefre aturaensdw, i lplr ovide a basis ifntorro dtuicontsog rammaarn dc oursoenst hes tructoufr e Englinsohto nliyn l inguidsetpiacrst mebnuttas l sion E nglilsahn guage andl iterature deapnadsr cthmoeoonlftes sd ucoantS.it udenwtisla lc hieve ana ccurautned erstanodfgi rnagm matrh awti lblo tehn hantchee liarn guagsek ilalnsdp roviads eo lgirdo undfionfrgu rthlneigr uissttiucd y. A StudeInntt'rso dtuoc tion EnglGirsahm mar RODNEY HUDDLESTON Ullil'eorfQs uieteyn sland GEOFFREYK . PULLUM Ulliver(s)Cifat lyi ji)Smainat,Ca r u� "CAMBRIDGE :> UNIVERSITYP RESS CAMBRIDGEU NIVERSITYP RESS CambridNgeew,Y orkM,e lbournMea,d riCda,p eT ownS,i ngapoSraeoP, a ulo CambridUgnei versPirteys s TheE dinburBguhi ldiCnagm,b ridCgBe2,8 RU,U K Publisihnet dh eU niteSdt atoefsA mericbayC ambridUgnei versPirteysN se,w Y ork www.cambridge.org Informaotnit ohni tsi twlwew:. cambridge.org/9780S21612883 © RodneHyu ddlesatnodnG eoffreKy. P ullu2m0 05 Thipsu blicaitsii noc no pyriSguhbtj.e tcost t atuteoxrcye ption andt ot hep rovisioofrn esl evcaonltl ecltiicveen saignrge ements, nor eproducotfai noynp armta yt akpel acwei thout thew rittpeenrm issioofCn a mbridUgnei versPirteys s. Firpsutb lis2h0e0d5 Reprinwtietdch o rrecti2o00n6s Thirpdr int2i00n7g Printientd h eU niteKdi ngdoamtt heU niversPirteysC sa,m bridge A catarleocgfouotrerhdp i usb liicasav taiifolrnaot bmhBl ere i Ltiibsrahry ISBN-1937 8-0-521-84h8a3r7d-b4a ck ISBN-1937 8-0-521-61p2a8p8e-r3b ack CambridUgnei versPirteysh sa sn or esponsifboitrlh iept eyr sistoerna ccec uracy ofU RLs foerx ternoarlt hird-pianrtteyrnw eetb sitreesf errteodi nt hipsu blication, andd oenso tg uaranttheaeat n yc onteonnts ucwhe bsitiesos,r w ilrle main, accuroarta ep propriate. Contents Noattiocnoanlv entions pagvei Preafce vii Introduction 2 A rapid overview 11 3 Verbtse,na ssep,e acntmd,o od 29 4 Clausster ucctoumrpel,e maennadtjd snu,c ts 63 5 Nounasn ndo upnh rases 82 6 Adjcetiavneadsd verbs 121 7 Perposiatnipdor nesp ospihtriaosne s 172 8 Negatainordne laptheedn omena 149 9 Cluastey :pa eskienxgc,l aiamniddni gr,e cting 195 10S ubordiannacdto inotcnel natu ses 147 11R elactliavues es 138 12G radaenc do mparison 159 13N on-ficnliatueas necdsl auwsietsh voeurtb s 204 14 Coordinaanmtdoi roen 225 15I nformpaatcikoanig ntihn cegl ause 238 16M orpohlo:gw yoradnsl de xemes 264 Furtrhaeedri ng 291 Glossary 295 Index 309 v Notaticoonnavle ntions Abbreviaotfig ornamsm attiecramls Adj Adjective 0; IndirOebcjte ct AdjP AdjectPihvrea se P Predicator AdvP AdvePrhbr ase PC PredicCaotmipvlee ment C,Comp Complement PP PreposPihtriaosne DP DeterminPahtriavseeP reCdomp PredicCaotmipvlee ment N Noun Prep Preposition Nom Nominal S,S ubj Subject NP NounP hrase V Verb 0 Object VP VerPbh rase d O DireOcbtj ect Presentoafte ixoanm ples Itaalriaecl sw auysse fdo cri tienxga mp(laensfd o nro o thpeurr pose). Boldi taliacruses efdo lre xem(eases x plaionnpe .1d 5 ). "Doubqlueo tamtairoknes n"c lmoesea nings. Underli(nsiinngog rld eo ublaen)ds quabrrea ckseetrstv oeh ighlpiagrhottfa n example. Thes ymbo'l.m 'a rkasm orpholodgiivciaswlii otnha iw no rodr a c omponent parotfa w orda,si n' wrkoe·r'·o rs' thseu ffi·'x.s Thef ollowing symbotlhses t aitnoudfesi x caamtpel( eistn h ei nterpretation undecro nsideration): *ungrammatical *Knoywo tuh aen srw?e .) ofq uestioancacbelpet abilit?T yh fleo orb geatno b es webpytM a x. !n on-standard II d oniemt y self. %grammatiinsc oamlde i aleocntlsy %H avyeo eun oguhm onye? Additicoonnavle ntions Boladcfiesu sefdo tre chntiecramwlsh efinr sitn trodauncdse odm etifmoelrsa ter occurretnocoe.s S MA LCLA PT ASL a rues efdo erm phaasnidcs o ntrast. I vi Preface Thibso oki sa ni ntroductoryo nmt oedxetrbSonto akn dEanrgdl igsrha mmar, intenmdaeidn floyur n dergradiunEa ntgelsid,se hp artmaenndst csh ooolfes d uca tioansw elalsl inguidsetpiacrst m(eSnetwesw .w .cambridg2e1.61o28r8g8f/ o0ar5 lintkot haes sociwaetbse idt weh,e raed ditional icnafnbo efr omuantTdih.oo)nu gh itta kneost oefd evelopmienln itnsg uiosvtetirhc pesa sfte wd ecadaensda, s sumae s thorokungohw leodfEg neg liisdtho ,en so ptr esupapnoyps ree visotuusod fyg ram maro ro thaesrp eocftl si nguistics. We belitevheae tv ereyd ucapteerds ionnt hEen glish-spweoarklsidhn ogu ld knoswo methaibnogtu htde e taoiftl hsge r ammoafrE ngliTshhe.ra era en umbeorf reasons. Theraer hea rdalnyyp rofesisniw ohnisca hna biltiowt ryi atned s peackr isply ande ffectiwvietlhyo gurta mmatmiicsatla iksen so ta requireomnes notm e occasions. Althoauk gnho wleodfgg rea mmwairln lo otn i tosw nc reawtrei tsikniglt lhse,r e isg oorde astoont hitnhka utn derstatnhdseit nrgu cotfus reen tenhceelspt so incresaesnes ittiosv oimtoeyf t hiem portafnatc ttohradsti stinggouoiwdsr hi ting frobma d. Anyonweh oa imtsoi mprotvheew irri toinnt gh bea soifsa notpheerrs otne'csh niccarli tinceiesdmts og rasepn ougohft htee chntiecramlos fg rammatical descritpotm iaoknse u rteh cer iticcainbse mu ndersatnodio mdp lemented. Iti sw idealgyr etehda tth feo remporsetr equfioscrio tmep utperro gramming ist hea biltiote yx press thougahntdgs r acmlmeaatrilicynao lnley'n sa tive language. Inm anyp rofes(stiholena swb einapg a rticculleaearxrla ym pilite sa)v itpaalr t oft hceo ntoefnt thw eo rtkob e atbosl aewy i tcho nfidewnhcaemt e anianp gasr ticular osrep natreangcrweai plohlrw on'stu ppuonrdtes rt andard coonfc eptions Engligsrha mmar. Discussiinao n nusm beorfa cadefimiecl odftse dne peonndl inguainsatliycos fi s Englinsohot:n llyi nguibsutti cpashl,is loo sloiptheyr,aa ntcduo rgen,i stciiveen ce. Industrreisaelaa rncdhd evelopamreenaltsi kien formarteitorni seevaarlc, h engindeosc,u mesnutm martye,xd ta tabalseexsi,c ogrsappeheyc,h aannadl ysis synthedsiiasl,od geusei agnndw, o rpdr ocestseicnhgn oilnocgrye asrienggalryd ag ookdn owleodfbg aes liicn guiesstpieccsiE,an lgllygi rsahm maasra ,p rerequi site. vii Preface viii Knowitnhgge r ammoafry ounra tilvaen guiasag nee normohueslf po arn yone embarkoinnt ghs et uodfya notlhaenrg uaegveei,nfi hta rsa thdeirff ergernatm matipcrailn citphlceeo sn;t raassw tesla lst hpea ralalieudln sd erstanding. Thibso oiks nt'htle a swto rodn t hfea cotfSs t andEanrgdl iosrah b,o ugtr ammar morgee nerablulwtye b, e liietwv iel mla kaev ergyo ofdo undatIitio sbn a.s eodn am uchb iggoenre T,h eC ambgreiG drammaorft hEeng liLsahn ugage( CGEL), written b1e9t9aw0ne d2e0 n02 i nc ollabowriattahini o nnt ernatteiaomno atolhf e r linguTihsatbtso .o okft ecno ntamiuncshf ulldeirs cusosfti hoaenn alywseig si ve herteo,g etwhietrch a reafruglu mentcaotnicoenrn tihnaegl ternaatniavley tsheast havseo metibmeeesan d vocaatnedwd h,y t heayr lee sssu ccessful. Thep roceosfws r ittihnigbs o oka,n dT heC ambgreiG drammrab efoirtwe,a s continsuuarlplryi isnitnrgi,ga unidin ngt,e lleecxtcuiatfliolnurygs S .o met hitnhke stuodfyE nglish girsaa smd mraayrs d usptr,o bably tbheectyah uisinetik s v irtu allcyo mpleitnet dh,se e nsteh anto thiinmgp ortiantn htfie e lrde maitnobs e d is coverBeudti. dt o essne'ettm h awta yt ou sW.h enw orkiinnog u orffi ceasn dm eet ingf olru nchtdiimsec usswieuo snusa flloyu ntdh awte w oulhda vaet l eaosnte entirneelwdy i scovteotr ayla kb ouotv esra ndwicAhtte hsle.e voefls mablulft a s cinating deatrateih losu,s aotnfhnd eesrw de i scovteorb ieme asd ea boumto dern EngliAsnhde. v eantt hlee voeftl h ber oafdr amewoofgr rka mmatpircianlc iwpel es, havfer equefnotulnyd ptrhoanto unceumnecnhtasl lfeon2rg0 e0yd e aarrsie n f act flagranfatllsye . Wea rpel eastehdaw te w eraeg aianb lteow orwki tKha tBer eotftC ambridge UniverPsrietstysh ,se a msee niaocrq uisietdiiotwnohsro s awC GELt hroutgoh completainodwn i,t Lhe igMhu elloeurri, n valucaobplye- edWiet hora.vc eo n standtrlaywo nnt heex pertthiawstae s p rovitdoCe dG ELby t hoet hceorn tributors: Peter ColliLnese,P, e tDeaPvrei tde rsaonndL, e slSetyi rliinAn ugs traTleida ; BriscDoaev,iD de nisForna,n Pka lmearn,d JPoahynn ienE nglaBnedt;tB yi rner, Geoff Nunberg, andi nGt rheeUg noirtye d WaSrtda tes; iLnNa euwr ie Bauer ZealaanndAd;n itMai ttwoicnIh s raTehle.ra erm ea nty opiccosv erienCd G ELth at wec ouldhna'vttea ckwlietdh tohuethi erl apn,dt hissh orptreers entastoimooenf of those tiosip nidcesbt tote hde amt v aripoouisn ts. TheS choooflE ngliMsehd,i Sat udiaensdA rtH istoartty h eU niverosfi ty Queenslgaennde rocuosnltyi ntuope rdo viadnae c adeamnidce lectrhoonmiefc o r RodneHyu ddleswthoinhl eew orkfeudl l-otnit mheip sr ojePcrto.f eJsusnokrIo t D, Chaiorft hDee partmoefLn itn guiasttt ihUcens i verosfCi atlyi foSrnainatC,ar uz, helpael do bty a rrangGienogffP ullutme'asc hsicnhge diunwl aey tsh afta cilitated hipsa rticiipnca otmipolne tthiinbsgo okA.n dm ositm portawnetw loyu,ll di kteo thanoku rf amilwiheosh ,a vbee eenx traordtionlaerraianlndyst u pportive despite thnee gloefcd to mestic ctohnaictsie nrnesv itwahbelfinen ishaib nogo kV.i vienne HuddleastnodBn a rbaSrcah oliznp, a rtichualvsaeer e,ln e sosfu st ha(nw eh ope) thewyo ulhda vlei keadn,dt akeonnm orweo rtkh awna st hepirro psehra irnea ll sorotfws a ysa,n dw ea rger ateful. Introduction IS tandaErngdl ish 2 Descripatnidpv ree scriapptpirvoea cthoge rsa mmar4 3 Grammatitcearmlsa ndd enfiitio5ns 1 Standard English Engliissph r obatbhlmeyo swti deulsye lda nguiangt eh weo rlwdi,t h arou4n0d0 m illniaotni svpee akaenrdas s iminluamrb eorfb ilinsgpueaalk ienr s sevedroazle pna rtiEanlgllyi sh-scpoeuanktirnaigned hs u,n droefdm si llimoonrse useirnso thceoru ntwrhieersEe n gliisswh i deklnyo wann du seidnb usingeosvs, ernmenotr,m ediIat.i su sefdo gro vernmecnotm municaitniI onndsia a d;a ily newspaipnCe ari raon;dt hsep eecihnte hspe a rliaomfPe anptu Nae wG uineYao.u mayh eairtw hena h otreelc eptigorneieastntIs r angiuaenis ntH elsiwnhkeina; Germapnr ofetsaslotkros a J apangersaed usattued iennA tm sterdoarwm h;e na Koresacni enlteicsttut roHe usn garainadNn i gericaonl leaagtau c eosn ferienn ce Bangkok. A langusaogw ei dedliys trinbauttuerdha almsla yn yv arieTthieesse. kn own are asd ialIe Tchtawtso .r ddo esanp'ptl jyu sttor uroarlu neducfaotremdos fs peech; thwea yw eu sieth ereev,e rysopneea akd si alAencdtn .a turtahlilbsyo, od ko esn't trtyod escrailtblhe de i fferdeinatl eocfEt nsg litshhea rreeI .tc oncentornao tnees centdriaall tehcaittsp articiumlpaorrltyta hnoetn :et hawtec alSlt andEanrgdl .i sh Wec ang'itv aeb rideeffi nitoifSo tna ndEanrgdl iisnah s ;e nsteh,pe o ionftt his wholbeo oiksp recitsoep lryo vitdhead te finitBiuotwn e.c anm akaef ewr emarks abouitts sp ecsitaalt us. Them anvya rieotfEi negsl ish spoktehnwe o arrlodu nddi ffeirnp mroaniunnlcyi ati(oon'ra ccenatn'dt) oa,l esesxetre innvt o cabualnadr tyah,so pseeoc ftl san guage (whiacrhme e ntiobnuentdo c to veriendd e tianit lh bioso kd)ot entdog ivien dications oft hsep eakegre'osg rapahnidcs aolc ilailn kBsu.tt hinagrsev erdyi fferewnitt h grammwahri,cd he awlist thh feo rmo fs enteanncdse msa lulneirct lsa:u spehsr,a ses andw ordTsh.eg rammoafrS tandEanrgdl iissmh u chm orset abalnedu nifotrhma n I We use fotre chntiecrwamhlse tnh eayrfi er isnt trodSuocmeedt.il maetosec rc urreanrcee s boldface alsboo ldftaorc meeidn ydo ut hatthe ex presissat i eohcnn itcearlom r htiog hliiitgn ah c to ntext whetrhede i scucsosnitornit boau nut nedse rstoaftn hdcei� ntgegQ royrf uncctoinocne rned. 2 ChaptIeI rn troduction itpsr onuncioarwt oirosdnt octkh:ei rsre e markably laibtotuwlhtea itdsg i rsapumte mati(ciacnol m pliwaintctheh reu loefgs r ammaarn)dw haits n't. Ofc ourtshese,m anlulm beorfc ontrovpeorisntithasalt t h earre-e t rousbploet s likweh ove rswuhso -mg eatl tlh peu bldiics cusisnli aonng ucaogleu mannsdl et tertsot heed itsooir mt,a ys eeams i tfh eirsme u cthu rmobiultt;h pe a ssieovnisn ced ovesru cphr oblempaotiinscth so unlodot b scutrhefe a ctth aftot rh vea smta jority ofq uestaiboonuwsth ata'lsl owienSd t andEanrgdl itshhae,n swearrsce l ear? Moreovienri ,tw sr itftoernm S,t andEanrgdl iissrh e garwdoerdl dwaisda en uncontrovcehrosifcioeasr lo methliinkagen e ditoornia as le rious isnau nbyj ect English-lannegwusapgaep er, iwnBh reitthateihrneU , S A,A ustraAlfirai,oc ra , IndiIati. st ruteh aatv erfye wm inopro inotfds i fferecnacbnee f ounbde twetehne AmericEanng li(sAhm Ea)n dB ritEinsghl i(sBhr E) foofSr tmasn dard fEonrg lish; exampBlreE,s peakweirloslft euns eS hmea yh avdeo nweh eraenA mEs peaker woulsda Sy he hmaavy;be ufto trh meo spta ruts iSntga ndEanrgdl idsohe senv'etn identwihfiycs hi doeft hAet lantthiuecs ecro mefsr olme,at l oinned icmaetmeb er shiipns omree gioentahln,oi rsc o,c igarlo up. AlongsSitdaen dEanrgdl itshhe arreem a nyr obulsotc arle,g ioannadls ,o cial dialoecfEt nsg litshhaat rc el eaarnlduy n controvneorsni-asltlayTn hdeaayrr iedn . manyc asefsam iltioSa tra ndard Englifsrho pmls apayensad kfi elrmassn ds ongs andd aicloyn versiant diaio vnesr se coImnm[ u1wn]ei c toyn.t rtawsont o n-standard expresswiiotSnhts a ndEanrgdl iesqhu ivaluesnitnasgn,e xclamamtairok(n )t o indictahtaaets entence tboae n loonn-gsst adnidaalrnedoc ttth ,se t andoanred. [1] STADNARD NO-NS ATNDARD a.[ diidmt y self. b.! d[o niemt y self. a.[ hav'ettno alndy body anby.!t a[hi i'nnt g n.to oblonddo yt hing. ii Wes hounlodt aett hipso itnhta etl sewhweeru esa ep ecre nsti gtnom arakS tan "le darEdn glifsohru ms ebdy s omsep eakbeurntso atl (lt hwuesw ritfemt a y'nhta p penbe caussoem eS tandEanrgdl issphe akuesrems a y'natn ds omed on'Atn)d. wheonu fro cuse nitisor enSl tya ndEanrgdl iassih it,s t hrougmhoosuottft hbeo ok, weu saen a stertioms akr ske quentcheaastr n eo gtr ammat(iec.a*gl.R ,at nh aew ay dog)i,g nortihniegs soufew hethtehras te queonfcw eo rdmsi ghotc cuirns ome non-stadnidaalredIc n[t 1st].h, o ugwhe,' rsep ecifitcaallklaiybn ogut ths ee ntences ofa n on-stadnidaalredc t. Donien[ ibi]sa w idespnroena-ds ta'npdaatsretdn sfeo'ro mf t hvee rdbo c,o r respontdoiS ntga ndEanrgdl idsihd i nt hes tanddairadl deoctni esw haits - callae 'dp apsatr ticuispeladeft 'e,hr a v(eIh avdeo nie)to rb e( It dwoanse 3 yesrdtaye.) 2 Foerx amptlrweyr, i tdionwtgnh feo uwro rtdhsde og,, ra n, ina ltlw entyp-ofsosuoirrb dleer s. away Youw ifilnltd h jautts htr oered etrusrno utto gbrea mmaatnitdch aelcr,ae bn e n os eridosiuaesge r menatm onsgp eakaestr ows h itchhea yr e. 3 Throughobuotow ket u hsbieos l idt atlori ecpsr esefnrto tmih dteie cmtsi ionndaerpye nodfte hnet ly varifoourstm hse hya vweh en iunss eendc teedsni:id os n oef t hfeo romfst hiet elmie sdit nd iction ariaess ( the otdhoeedrsos,n aean,rdd eo gi)na;n d iosn oeft hfeo romfst hiet elmie sdat s do was be.