SOURCE BOOKS IN THE HISTORY OF THE SCIENCES Gregory D. Walcott •General Editor A SOURCE BOOK IN MATHEMATICS 1 SOURCE BOOKS IN THE HISTORY OF THE SCIENCES Gregory D. Walcott General Editor 7^0w ready A SOURCE BOOK IN ASTRONOMY Harlow Shapley •Dnector, Harvard Observatory Harvard University AND Helen E. Howarth •Harvard Observatory A SOURCE BOOK IN MATHEMATICS David Eugene Smith • Columbia University OTHER volumes TO BE announced later Endorted bj the American PhiloiophicjlAisocuition,thtAm^rxan Auoc\AtumforAcAdvancementofScience,andtheHtsicnyofScience Society.AltobytheAmeucanAnihropologicalAssociation,th«Maihc matical Assoaatum of America, the American Miiihan<jl:c4 SocietyandtheAmericanAstronomicalSocietyintheirrespectivefields. A SOURCE BOOK in MATHEMATICS By DAVID EUGENE SMITH, ph.d., ll.d. Professor Emeritus m Teachers College, Columbia University, ?-{ew Tor\City FIRST EDITION McGRAW'HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. NEWYORK:370SEVENTHAVENUE LONDON:6&>8BOUVERIEST.:E.C. 4 1929 3 CkiPYRIGHT, 1929, BYTHE McGraW'Hill BookCompany, Inc. Printedin the UnitedStates ofAmerica THB MAFLEPRESSCXJMPANY, YORK, PA.