A Revision of the Spider Genus Zorocrates Simon (Araneae, Zorocratidae)

2007·10.8 MB·English

by  Norman I. Platnick

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024
Number 3579, 44 pp., 119 figures, 4 maps June 28, 2007
A Revision of the Spider Genus Zorocrates Simon
(Araneae, Zorocratidae)
NORMAN I. PLATNICK1, AND DARRELL UBICK2
ABSTRACT
ThespidergenusZorocratesisrevised,andcomprisesatleast31speciesfoundfromthesouthern
UnitedStatessouthtoCentralAmerica;itprovidesanotableexampleofthelossofafunctional
cribellum within a relatively small (but seemingly monophyletic) group of species. Two specific
names are removed from synonymy: Z. gnaphosoides O. P.-Cambridge and Z. mordax O. P.-
Cambridge(fromZ.fuscusSimonandZ.mistusO.P.-Cambridge,respectively).Twootherspecific
names are newly synonymized: Z. isolatus Gertsch and Davis, with Z. unicolor (Banks), and Z.
petersi Kraus, with Z. gnaphosoides O. P.-Cambridge. Males are newly described for Z. badius
SimonandZ.pictusSimon;femalesarenewlydescribedforZ.karliGertschandRiechert.Twenty
newspecies are describedfrom Texas andMexico.
INTRODUCTION 21, just as an entry in a key couplet), to
include the New World Zorocrates plus four
The American spiders of the genus Old World genera that had been placed by
Zorocrates Simon (1888) are of considerable Lehtinen in the Miturgidae instead. Because
phylogenetic interest. They were originally the genus has never been revised, identifica-
describedasmembersoftheOldWorldfamily tion of the specimens used as exemplars in
Zoropsidae. Lehtinen (1967) transferred the modern phylogenetic studies, such as those of
genus to the New World family Tengellidae, Griswold (1993), Silva (2003), Raven and
but Griswold et al. (1999) revived the name Stumkat (2005), and Griswold et al. (2005),
Zorocratidae, first proposed by Dahl (1913: has been problematic.
1PeterJ.SolomonFamilyCurator,DivisionofInvertebrateZoology,AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory;Adjunct
Professor, Department of Biology, City College, City University of New York; Adjunct Professor, Department of
Entomology, Cornell University; Adjunct Senior Research Scientist, Center for Environmental Research and
Conservation,ColumbiaUniversity([email protected]).
2Associate,DepartmentofEntomology,CaliforniaAcademyofSciences,875HowardStreet,SanFranciscoCA94103
([email protected]).
CopyrightEAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory2007 ISSN0003-0082
2 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3579
Zorocrates species are also of phylogenetic John A. Murphy (JAM), Museum of
interest because of the variation in their Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
cribellarstructure.Thegrouphasalwaysbeen (MCZ), Muse´um National d’Histoire Nature-
considered cribellate, but we describe below lle, Paris (MNHN), Natur-Museum Sencken-
two new species from the Xilitla Plateau in berg (NMS), New Mexico State University,
San Luis Potos´ı that, despite having male and LasCruces(NMSU),TexasA&MUniversity,
female genitalia indicating that they are well College Station (TAMU), University of
nested within the genus, are fully ecribellate. California at Riverside (UCR), Universidad
Although examples of cribellate and ecribel- Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico (UNAM),
late sister genera have been noted over recent and National Museum of Natural History,
decades, loss of the cribellum within a single Smithsonian Institution (USNM).
genus seems less common. Unsurprisingly,
though, similar losses of the cribellum have RELATIONSHIPS
apparently occurred within the Malagasy
zorocratid fauna (C. Griswold, personal com- The relationships of Zorocrates remain ill-
mun.). defined, as the most recent phylogenetic
In addition to the variation in cribellar analyses have reached somewhat different
structure, Zorocrates specimens have some- conclusions. In the analysis by Silva (2003:
times been difficult to place (at least in keys) fig. 6), Zorocrates clustered more closely with
because of their unusual tarsal configuration. the cribellate, New World genus Tengella
Several authors (e.g., Gertsch and Riechert, Dahl (1901) than with the other genera
1976; Roth, 1985; Griswold and Ubick, 2001) currently placed in the Zorocratidae, which
haveindicatedthattheunpaired tarsal clawis in her taxon sampling were represented by
present only on the anterior pair of legs, and Uduba Simon (1880), Raecius Simon (1892),
absent on the posterior three pairs. The tarsi and Zorodictyna Strand (1907). The fifth
are heavily scopulate and the tarsal claws are current zorocratid genus, Campostichomma
often obscured by the dense, distal scopular Karsch(1891),wasnotincludedinhermatrix.
hairs; it is difficult to remove the scopular In the analysis by Raven and Stumkat
hairs without also damaging the claws. (2005), however, Griswold’s (1993) grouping
However,detailedexaminationofmanyspeci- of Zorocrates with the other five genera was
mens leads us to conclude that the unpaired retrieved (with Tengella widely disparate, and
clawisprobablyalwayspresent,althoughitis aminorrearrangementinvolvingZorodictyna,
typically reduced to just a tiny projection which clustered not with Raecius but with the
(Griswoldetal.,2005: fig.146A).Roth (1993: other three genera).
168) seemed to have reached the same The most recent study, by Griswold et al.
conclusion, for he changed his earlier account (2005),included asterminalsTengella,Uduba,
to read ‘‘tarsi I 3-clawed, and II-IV 2-clawed, and Raecius, as well as Zorocrates. Under
often with a minute third claw.’’ Because the implied weighting, Zorocrates clustered with
third claw can be so easily overlooked, speci- Tengella, on the basis of deeply notched
mens have even been described as dionychans trochanters; this group was resolved as sister
(see the note on Chemmis unicolor Banks, toagroupincludingRaecius,Uduba,Zoropsis,
1901, below). and Acanthoctenus Keyserling (1877, a cribel-
The format of the descriptions follows that late member of the family Ctenidae). Under
of Platnick (1999). Specimens have been equal weights, Zorocrates was placed at an
examined from the collections of the Ameri- unresolvednodesubtendingallthosetaxaplus
can Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Psechrus Thorell (1878), the cribellate type
Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), genus of the family Psechridae.
California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- These results are all equivocal, however,
cisco (CAS), David Bixler (CDB), Darrell becausealmostallthecharactersinvolvedshow
Ubick (CDU), Centro de Investigaciones high degrees of homoplasy, and the clades
Biological del Noroeste, La Paz (CIBN), Joe resolved can therefore be perturbed easily by
Beatty (CJB), James Cokendolpher (CJC), changes in the matrix or analytical methods
2007 PLATNICK ANDUBICK: SPIDER GENUS ZOROCRATES 3
(e.g., character weighting). Similarly, the cur- and anterior lateral eyes that are larger than
rentlimitationoftheZorocratidaebyGriswold theanteriormedians.Bytheabdominalshield,
et al. (1999) was based on a phylogenetic those authors meant a sclerotized scute
analysisthatincludedonlythegeneraTengella, associated with the paired transverse sigilla
Uduba, and Raecius. In that analysis, three found on the anterior face of the abdomen;
characters supported the placement of Uduba such scuta also do not occur in Zorocrates,
andRaeciusassistertaxa:themaletibialcrack where the sigilla are no more conspicuous in
(acharacterdiscoveredbyGriswold,1993:figs. males than in females. Zorocrates males also
3, 4, that allows a distinctive form of leg lackanothercharacterfiguringintheirrevised
breakage), clumped cribellar spigots, and familial diagnosis, a dense dorsal scopula on
a ventroapical apophysis on the male palpal the palpal cymbium.
tibia. Those same three characters were there- The results of Raven and Stumkat, and of
fore cited by Griswold (2002: 118) as synapo- Silva, are similar in positing that either
morphiesfortheZorocratidae. Zorocrates (in the first case) or both
Unfortunately, Zorocrates itself has none Zorocrates and Tengella (in the second case)
of those presumed apomorphies of the havelostgrate-shapedtapetaintheirposterior
Zorocratidae. The tibial crack and ventroapi- median eyes, and have reverted to the more
cal apophysis are absent (Silva, 2003: char- plesiomorphic, canoe-shaped tapetum. Be-
acters93and4,respectively),andthecribellar cause of the weak support from only highly
spigots are uniformly distributed rather than homoplasious characters, and the resultingly
clumped (Griswold et al., 2005: fig. 101B). unstable results, Silva refrained from making
TheassociationofZorocrateswithTengella nomenclatorialchangesreflectingthishypoth-
instead was similarly based only on three esis. That seems wise to us, and we similarly
homoplasiouscharacters(oval anteriorlateral prefer to retain, at least temporarily, the
eyes, and the presumed loss of male tibial family Zorocratidae, even though it may
cracks, for Silva, 2003: characters 87 and 93, prove eventually to be a junior synonym of
respectively; deep trochanteral notches, for the Tengellidae, Zoropsidae, or both. That
Griswold et al., 2005: character 11). Anterior retention reflects the possibility that on-going
lateral eyes that are oval rather than round analysesoffamily-levelrelationshipsacrossall
occur in most ctenids as well as these two spiders, currently being conducted under the
genera, but the feature shows slightly less Assembling the Tree of Life initiative, may
homoplasy than Silva (2003: appendix 2) still resolve the grate-shaped tapetum as
indicated. Silva’s matrix shows differences in a synapomorphy of a large group including
this feature even within the clearly mono- the classical lycosoids plus the typical zorop-
phyletic group of North American genera sids but excluding both Zorocrates and
currently placed in the Tengellidae, but our Tengella. Those on-going analyses should
examination indicates that the anterior lateral include the ecribellate New Zealand genus
eyes of Anachemmis Chamberlin (1919) are Uliodon L. Koch (1873), males of which have
fully as oval as those of Liocranoides adensedorsalscopulaonthepalpalcymbium
Keyserling (1881), Titiotus Simon (1897), and (although males of this genus have not yet
Socalchemmis Platnick and Ubick (2001). been described in detail, they are coded in the
Three family-group names have been based matrix of Raven and Stumkat, 2005).
on these genera; in chronological order, they Forourpurposeshere,theprimaryquestion
are Zoropsidae Bertkau (1882), Tengellidae is whether there is any evidence available that
Dahl (1908), and Zorocratidae Dahl (1913). suggests what the sister group of Zorocrates
RavenandStumkat(2005)advocatedexpand- mightbe.Ofallthetaxaconsideredinprevious
ingtheconceptoftheZoropsidaetore-include analyses, Uduba may be the best candidate,
Zorocrates(andhencetheZorocratidae).Four despite the geographic separation (Uduba is
characters support that node on their clado- endemic to Madagascar). Both Uduba and
gram:themaletibialcrack(presumptivelylost Raecius have a probable homolog of the large
inZorocrates), adistallytruncate(ratherthan tegularapophysisthatoccupiesthebulkofthe
elongated)cymbium,amaleabdominalshield, ventralsurface ofthemale palp in Zorocrates;
4 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3579
in addition, Uduba males resemble those of 1978:figs.3,7),andwide,protrudingepigynal
Zorocrates in having the embolus originating scape (Wolff, 1978: fig. 5). Specimens of
on the dorsal surface of the palpal bulb, and Zorocrates are most easily recognized by the
extendingbehindthebulbforitslength,rather distinctivemalegenitalia;thebulkofthemale
than along its ventralsurface.Wesuggestthat palpal bulb is occupied, in ventral and retro-
thishighlyunusualembolarorientation,which lateral views, byalarge sclerite(figs. 2,3;this
rendersmostoftheembolusinvisibleinventral is the ‘‘sclerotized tegular process’’ of
view, is a synapomorphy uniting Zorocrates Griswold, 1993: fig. 11 and Silva, 2003: fig.
andUduba. 13a).Apossiblyhomologousprocessoccursin
Although reduction in the size of the Raecius(seeGriswold,1993:figs.25–27;2002:
cribellum appears to have happened at least figs. 22, 28, 30, 40, 45, 47, 51, 52) and Uduba
twice within Zorocrates (independently within (see Griswold et al., 2005: figs. 185C, 194B),
the alternatus and mistus species groups), the but it is much smaller, and the enlarged
total loss of cribellate spigots and the trans- process seems to be synapomorphic for
formation of the cribellum into a fleshy Zorocrates (Griswold considered Raecius to
colulus may have happened only once, if (as be the sister group of the Malagasy genus
seems likely) the two new, fully ecribellate Zorodictyna, not of Zorocrates).
species described from the same area of San
DESCRIPTION: Medium to large spiders,
Luis Potos´ı are sister taxa. At least one
total length of males 5–14, of females 5–17.
additional parallel loss presumably occurred
Carapace oval, widest at rear of coxae II,
with the Malagasy Uduba fauna as well, as
abruptly narrowed at level of palpi to about
Griswold et al. (2005: 44) indicated that some
halfofmaximumwidth;thoracicgroovelong,
of those species are also ecribellate.
longitudinal, very deep; surface coated with
short recumbent and fewer, longer, erect dark
Zororcrates Simon setae, erect setae most numerous in ocular
area; eight eyes in two rows; from above,
LycodrassusL. Koch, 1866: 2(nomen nudum). anterior row slightly recurved, posterior row
Zorocrates Simon, 1888: 211 (type species, by slightly procurved; from front, anterior row
monotypy,Zorocrates fuscusSimon). slightly procurved, posterior row strongly
Satricum O. P.-Cambridge, 1892: 99 (type species, procurved; anterior median eyes round, smal-
by monotypy, Satricum gnaphosoides O. P.- lest; other eyes oval, subequal, with canoe-
Cambridge). First synonymized by F. O. P.-
shapedtapeta;anteriormedianeyesseparated
Cambridge, 1902:354.
by roughly their diameter, slightly closer to
anterior laterals; posterior medians separated
DIAGNOSIS: The lack of male tibial cracks
by roughly their diameter, farther from
(subbasal suture zones on the male tibiae that
posterior laterals; lateral eyes of each side
enable a distinctive form of leg breakage)
separated by less than their diameter; median
readily distinguishes Zorocrates from mem-
ocularquadranglewiderinbackthaninfront,
bersofthefourothergenera,allfromtheOld
wider in back than long; clypeal height about
World, that are currently assigned to the
Zorocratidae, as well as from those of twice diameter of anterior median eyes,
Zoropsis Simon, another Old World cribellate corners of clypeus with incised margins that
genus (which has been introduced into overlie cheliceral boss; chilum weakly sclero-
California; see Griswold and Ubick, 2001). tized, divided, composed of two triangular
Among New World cribellates, Tengella in- sclerites. Chelicerae vertical, anterior surface
cludesNeotropicalspeciesthatconstructlarge with few, erect setae; promargin with three
webs inhabited by numerous arthropod sym- teeth situated atproximal end of fang furrow,
bionts (Eberhard, Platnick, and Schuh, 1993). median tooth largest, almost fused to most
These much longer-legged web-builders are distal tooth, retromargin with three larger,
unlikely to be confused with Zorocrates, and more distally situated teeth; very short,
can also be distinguished by their highly narrow, I-shaped posterior sclerite present,
patterned carapace (Wolff, 1978: figs. 1, 2, separating chelicerae at base. Labium short,
6),longandnarrowmedianapophysis(Wolff, distally invaginated at middle, reflexed at
2007 PLATNICK ANDUBICK: SPIDER GENUS ZOROCRATES 5
almost 90% angle relative to sternum. Endites monophyly of some of these groups is highly
rectangular, distally slightly convergent, with conjectural. The informal group names reflect
anteromedianscopulaandanterolateralserru- their earliest described members.
la consisting of single row of teeth. Sternum
rounded, without extensions to or between
THEFUSCUS GROUP
coxae, with erect setae; posterior margin not
extending between coxae IV. Leg formula The species assigned to this group are
4123. Typical leg spination pattern (only united by the presence of large, excavated
surfaces bearing spines listed): femora: I, II lateral pockets on the female epigynum. Five
d1-1-1,p0-2-1,r1-2-1;III d1-1-1,p2-1-1,r1-2- speciesclearlybelongtothisgroup;asixth,Z.
1; IV d1-1-1, p2-1-1, r0-2-1; patellae: III p0-1- mordax (O. P.-Cambridge), is tentatively
0,r0-1-0;IVp0-1-0;tibiae:I,IId0-0-1,p1-1-0, placed here, on the hypothesis that the
v4-3-2, r0-1-1; III d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v2-2-2, r0-0- peculiar posterolateral epigynal projections
1; IV d0-1-1, p1-0-1, v2-2-2, r1-0-1; metatarsi: found in that species represent an autapo-
I p1-0-1, v2-2-1r, r1-1-1; II p1-1-1, v2-2-2, r1- morphic modification of the excavated lateral
1-1;IIIp1-2-2,v2-2-2,r1-1-1;IVp1-1-2,v2-2- pockets. The known males share a large,
2, r1-2-2; tarsi with three claws, claw tufts hook-shaped median apophysis.
absentbutinferiorclawstypicallyobscuredby
dense scopular tips, superior claws with
Zorocrates fuscus Simon
several subequal teeth, inferior claws tiny,
figures 1–5; map 1
unarmed; all tarsi with strong ventral scopu-
lae;distalsegmentswithtrichobothriainthree
Zorocrates fusca Simon, 1888: 212 (two female
rows, bases ridged (Griswold et al., 2005: fig.
syntypes from Guanajuato, Mexico, in MNHN,
151E); tarsal organ capsulate, with oval
examined).
opening (Griswold et al., 2005: fig. 151F);
Zorocratesfuscus:Simon,1892:230(emendationof
trochanters notched, posteriors more strongly gender).
so than anteriors; males without tibial crack; Zorocratescf.guerrerensis:Silva,2003:41,fig.13a.
metatarsi without preening combs; cribellate
species with dense calamistrum forming elon- NOTE: In theoriginaldescription,the type
gate oval on basal one-third of retrolateral locality is presented only as ‘‘Mexique’’ but
surface of metatarsi IV. Abdomen without Simon later (1895b: 106) specified ‘‘Mexique
anterior or dorsal scutum; for detailed spin- central’’andthatlaterrestrictioncorroborates
neret and spigot descriptions, see Griswold et the current label with the syntypes, which
al., 2005: 45–46, figs. 101–103; cribellum indicates that the specimens were collected in
usually present but lost in some species. Guanajuato, Mexico, by Duge`s.
Male palp with relatively long patella, tibia DIAGNOSIS: Males resembles those of
relatively short, with single, distally situated Z. unicolor but have a longer, fingerlike
retrolateral apophysis; cymbium without (rather than ledge-shaped) proximal lobe on
dense pad of short setae; subtegular and the retrolateral tibial apophysis, a distally
tegular interlocking processes reduced to rounded median apophysis (figs. 2, 3), and
extension on embolar base; median apophysis a ventrally shorter tegular apophysis; the
heavily sclerotized, embolus threadlike, origi- medianapophysisdoeshaveasmall,subdistal
nating on dorsal surface of bulb, cradled by denticle, but it is directed dorsally and is
subtegulum proximally, accompanied by long thereforeeasytooverlookinventralview(the
hyaline conductor distally; bulk of ventral denticle is more prolaterally directed and
surface of bulb occupied by large tegular conspicuous in males of Z. unicolor). Fe-
apophysis. Female palp with long, dentate males also resemble those of Z. unicolor but
claw. Epigynum typically with strong mid- have deeper epigynal pockets with smaller,
piece and paired lateral margins. more medially situated openings connected to
SPECIES GROUPS: Five species groups are anteriorly expanded margins that parallel
recognized below; because so many of the a longitudinal ridge between the pocket and
species are known from females only, the the epigynal midpiece (fig. 4).
6 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3579
Figs. 1–5. Zorocrates fuscusSimon. 1.Left male palp, prolateral view. 2.Same, ventral view.3. Same,
retrolateral view. 4.Epigynum, ventral view.5. Same,dorsalview.
MALE: Total length 14. Carapace light r1-1-2; II p0-1-2, r1-1-2; III p1-1-1; IV r0-0-2;
brown with dusky triangular markings radi- patellaeIVr0-1-0;tibiaeIIIr1-0-1;metatarsiI
ating from thoracic groove; abdomen gray, p1-1-1, v2-2-0, r1-1-0. Cribellum present.
with lighter cardiac spot, posterior one-fifth Retrolateral tibial apophysis short, with fin-
with chevron pattern; femora light brown, gerlike proximal lobe; median apophysis
more distal leg segments grading to brown on hook-shaped,distallyrounded;tegularapoph-
metatarsi and tarsi. Leg spination: femora: I ysis sharply pointed (figs. 1–3).
2007 PLATNICK ANDUBICK: SPIDER GENUS ZOROCRATES 7
Map1. RecordsoftheZorocratesfuscusgroup(excludingZ.unicolor):Z.fuscus(dots),Z.guerrerensis
(triangles;suspectrecordfromPanamanotplotted),Z.gnaphosoides(circles),Z.ocampo(opensquares),Z.
mordax(filled square).
FEMALE: Total length 16. Coloration as in winter 1945–1946, in house (H. Wagner,
-
male.Legspination:femora:I,IIp0-1-1,r1-1-0; AMNH), 1 , Dec. 25, 1975, on building
U
IV p2-0-1, r0-0-1; patellae IV p0-0-0, r0-1-0; downtown (V. Roth, AMNH), 1 ; Miguel
-
tibiae:I,IId0-0-0,p0-0-0,r0-0-0;IIIr1-0-1;IV Hidalgo,Nov.20,2001,onpatio(UNAM),1
r2-0-1;metatarsi:Ip0-0-0,r0-0-0;IIp0-0-0,r0- ; Pedregales, July–Aug. 1909, under stone (A.
U
0-1; III p1-1-2, r1-1-2; IV v3-2-2. Cribellum Petrunkevitch, AMNH), 1 , Petregal [proba-
present. Epigynal midpiece triangular, with bly Pedregal], Oct. 2, 1947 (H. Wagner,
-
transverse anterior ledge; lateral pockets pres- AMNH), 1 . Guanajuato: no specific locality
U
ent, with relatively small openings; spermathe- (Duge`s, MNHN AR230), 2 (syntypes).
caewithshortanteriorlobes(figs. 4,5). Guerrero: summit, 4 mi W Cacahuamilpa,
MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO: Distrito 18u419N, 99u349W, Sept. 3, 1966 (J., W. Ivie,
U
Federal: no specific locality, Sept. 1940 (F. AMNH), 1 ; 3 mi N Chilpancingo, Nov. 18,
- U
Bonet, AMNH), 1 , Oct. 20, 1942 (R. Ibarra 1946 (E. Ross, CAS), 1 ; 72.6 mi SE Ciudad
- -
H.,AMNH),1 ,Dec.15,1949(AMNH),1 , Altamirano, 2.1 mi S Highway 51 on road to
U
May1955(AMNH),1 ,Mar.1956(UNAM), Apaxtla, Nov. 11, 1987, elev. 1520 m (V. Lee,
- - U
1 , Sept. 2, 1958 (UNAM), 1 , Nov. 1958 CAS), 1 ; Taxco, Oct. 1945 (L. Isaacs,
- -
(UNAM), 1 ; Azcapotzalco, Oct. 27, 2002 AMNH), 1 , Apr. 1946 (L. Isaacs, AMNH),
U -
(UNAM), 1 ; Col. Medell´ın, Oct. 31, 1941 1 ; 3 km SE Tuxpan, Nov. 3, 1976, elev.
- - U
(AMNH), 1 ; Contreras, Aug. 9, 1942, elev. 1768 m (E. Ross, CAS), 1 , 2 . Hidalgo:
U
2800 m(C.Bolivar,AMNH),1 ,Mar.4,1944 Apulco, Oct. 6, 1947 (H. Wagner, AMNH),
U U
(M. Cardenas, AMNH), 1 ; Coyoaca´n, Sept. 2 ; El Tablo´n, 7 mi SE Zimapa´n, 20u409N,
-
1946,elev.2300 m (H. Wagner,AMNH), 1 , 99u209W,Aug.19,1964(gJ.,W.Ivie,AMNH),
- -
Nov. 1, 2000 (AMNH), 2 ; Cuauhte´moc, 3 (identified from scanning electron micro-
U
Mar. 2000, in house (UNAM), 1 ; Mexico graphsbyM.Ram´ırez);2 mi.NEJacala,Sept.
-
City, Oct. 1945 (H. Wagner, AMNH), 1 , 1, 1946, elev. 1500 ft., pine-oak (C. Bogert,
8 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3579
U
AMNH), 1 ; Pachuca, Jan. 28, 1943 ca. 6800–7200 ft (M. Bogert, G. Sluder, N.
U U
(AMNH), 1 ; Parque Nacionale de El Chico, Bucknall,AMNH),1 ;MonteAlban,Dec.11,
U
June 28, 1943, elev. 3100 m (C. Bolivar, F. 1943(E.Ross,CAS),1 ;0.5 miENochixtla´n,
U
Bonet,Osorio,Pelaez,AMNH),1 ;Tasquillo, 1 mi SE El Palmar, Dec. 11, 1948 (E. Ross,
U
Tzindejeh,20u339N,99u199W,July29,1966(J., CAS), 1 ; 9 mi S Nochixtla´n, 17u209N,
U
W. Ivie, AMNH), 1 ; Tulancingo, 1957 97u129W, May 1, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie,
- U
(UNAM), 3 . Jalisco: Jocotepec, July 31, AMNH),1 .Puebla:Acultzingo,July4,1963
U U
1965 (Conant, AMNH), 1 ; E end, Lago de (AMNH), 2 ; Ozumbilla, 18u379N, 97u259W,
U
Chapala, Nov. 30, 1948 (H. Leech, CAS), 2 ; Apr. 25, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH),
U
W side, Laguna de Sayula, July 30, 1964 (W. 1 ; Tehuaca´n, Nov. 8, 1939 (C. Bogert, H.
U U
Gertsch, J. Woods, AMNH), 2 ; 22.7 mi S Vokes, AMNH), 2 ; 3 mi NE Zacatepec on
U
PuertoVallarta,Oct.20,1973(S.Williams,C. Route 140, June 30, 1963 (AMNH), 1 . San
Mullinex, CAS), 1U; 3.5 mi S Zocoalco, Aug. LuisPotos´ı:Route70,70 miWValles,Feb.19,
18, 1959 (C. Bogert, AMNH), 1U. Me´xico: 1970, under roadside stone (J. Cooke,
U
Aculco, Route 55 detour to San Joaqu´ın, Oct. AMNH), 1 . Tlaxcala: Tlaxcala, July 26,
U
13, 2001, disturbed pasture, elev. 2485 m (O. 1956 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH), 1 .
Francke, E. Gonza´lez, UNAM), 1-; Mali- Veracruz: Carrizal, Feb. 10,1948 (H. Wagner,
U
nalco, ruin, Oct. 25, 1973 (S. Williams, C. AMNH), 1 ; Jalapa (BMNH 1905.4.28.1341-
Mullinex, CAS), 2U; Naucalpan, Nov. 27, 1346), 1U; Orizaba (Eislin, Vaslit, MCZ
1997, in house (F. Alvarez, UNAM), 1-; 56234), 1U; Perote, June 30, 1946 (H.
U
Reyes Iztacala, Oct. 25, 2001, in house (C. Wagner, AMNH), 1 ; Zongolica, Mar. 1983
U
- (AMNH), 1 . Zacatecas: 20 km E Tlalte-
Dura´n, AMNH), 1 ; San Juan Teotihuaca´n,
U
nango,Sept.14,1984(W.Pulawski,CAS),1 .
Nov. 4, 1939 (C. Bogert, H. Vokes, AMNH),
1U; Tenancingo, Sept. 27–Oct. 7, 1946, elev. DISTRIBUTION: CentralandsouthernMexi-
- U co(map1);onefemalesupposedlytakenatSt.
2050 m (H. Wagner, AMNH), 2 , 6 ;
Ann’s, Trinidad (Aug. 13, 1958, M. Nieves,
Tenango del Valle, Aug. 25–26, 1946, elev.
- AMNH) is presumed to be either mislabeled
2400 m (H. Wagner, AMNH), 1 ; Teoti-
or introduced.
huaca´n ruins, Aug. 13, 1977, elev. 7400 ft (C.
U
Griswold,T.Meikle,CAS),1 ;Tonatico,Dec.
-
1, 1996 (UNAM), 1 . Michoaca´n: Jiquilpan, Zorocrates unicolor (Banks)
19u599N,102u419W,May9,1963(W.Gertsch, figures 6–10; map 2
U
W. Ivie, AMNH), 3 ; Morelia, 19u409N,
101u129W, May 8, 1963 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, Chemmis unicolor Banks, 1901: 583, f. 11 (female
U
AMNH), 3 ; Pa´tzcuaro, Oct. 20–Nov. 13, holotype from Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona,
U
1955 (C. Bogert, AMNH), 1 ; 24 mi S in USNM, examined).
Sahuayo on Highway 15 to Morelia, Oct. 23, Zorocrates fuscus (misidentification): F. O. P.-
1973 (S. Williams, C. Mullinex, CAS), 1U; Cambridge,1902:354,pl. 33,figs.8,8a,9,9a–d.
3 kmETuxpan,Jan.6,1989,elev.1825 m(E. Zorocrates isolatus Gertsch and Davis, 1936: 16
U (juvenile holotype from Chisos Mountains,
Ross, R. Stecker, CAS), 2 ; Zamora, Aug. 1,
U Brewster County, Texas, in AMNH, examined).
1956 (W. Gertsch, W. Ivie, AMNH), 1 ;
NEW SYNONYMY.
Zita´cuaro, Dec. 6, 1943, elev. 2000 m (C.
U Anachemmisunicolor: Roewer,1955: 607.
Bolivar, AMNH), 1 . Morelos: Cuernavaca,
Zorocratesunicolor:Lehtinen,1967:437,figs.79,82.
U
Apr. 1959 (N. Krauss, AMNH), 1 ; N
Cuernavaca, 18u569N, 99u149W, UMay 6, 1963 NOTE: Although cribellate, this species
(W.Gertsch,W.Ivie,AMNH),3 ;Oaxtepec, wasoriginallydescribedintheclubionidgenus
U
May17,1942(Correa,Cardenas,AMNH),1 ; Chemmis Simon (1898, currently considered
U
Tepoztla´n, Dec. 3, 1947 (UNAM), 1 . a junior synonym of the corinnid genus
Oaxaca:1.5 mi S Carrizal, July25,1963,elev. Megalostrata Karsch, 1880), and was sub-
U
9500 ft (G. Sluder, AMNH), 1 ; El Punto, sequently transferred to the genus Anache-
roadtoIxtla´ndeJua´rez,Aug.19,1961(C.,M. mmis Chamberlin by Roewer (1955). Exami-
U
Bogert,AMNH),2 ;5 miNEMitla,near‘‘El nation of the holotype female indicates that
Crucero’’ ruins, Aug. 27, 1963, on ridge, elev. Banks’ original placement, and Roewer’s
2007 PLATNICK ANDUBICK: SPIDER GENUS ZOROCRATES 9
Figs. 6–10. Zorocrates unicolor (Banks). 6. Left male palp, prolateral view. 7. Same, ventral view. 8.
Same,retrolateral view.9. Epigynum, ventral view.10. Same,dorsalview.
transfer, are both incorrect. Banks noted that thirdclawandmakingthespiderappeartobe
‘‘In front of spinnerets is a curious truncate a dionychan. It seems that Lehtinen (1967)
lip.’’ This apparently refers to the anterior detectedthesemisplacements,forhepresented
edge of the cribellum, most of which is folded genitalic illustrations of the species under the
against the anterior lateral spinnerets and combination Zorocrates unicolor; since
therefore not readily visible in ventral view. Lehtinen did not mention the author or
Had Banks noted the cribellum, he would original combination of the name, the combi-
presumablyhaveplacedthespeciesinacribel- nation presented in his figure legend was
late family rather than the Clubionidae; the enigmatic and appeared to be just a nomen
misplacement was no doubt abetted by the nudum (Platnick, 2006). The species is here
scopular setae obscuring the remnant of the formally transferred to Zorocrates.
10 AMERICAN MUSEUMNOVITATES NO. 3579
Map2. Records ofZorocrates unicolor;open circles indicate uncertain localities.
DIAGNOSIS: Males resembles those of Z. 1-2; metatarsi III r1-1-2. Cribellum present.
fuscusbuthaveashorter,ledge-shaped(rather Retrolateral tibial apophysis short, with dis-
than fingerlike) proximal lobe on the retro- tinctly ledge-shaped proximal lobe; median
lateral tibial apophysis, a distally widened apophysis distally angular; tegular apophysis
median apophysis with a large, prolaterally sharply pointed (figs. 6–8).
directed denticle (figs. 7, 8), and a ventrally FEMALE: Total length 15. Coloration as in
longer tegular apophysis. Females also re- Z.fuscus.Legspination:femora:I,IIp0-1-1,r1-
semblethoseofZ.fuscusbuthavemuchlarger 1-0;IVp0-1-1,r0-0-1;patellae:IIIr0-0-0;IVp0-
openings to the epigynal pockets (fig. 9). 0-0;tibiae:I,IId0-0-0,p0-0-0,r0-0-0;IIIr1-0-1;
MALE: Totallength12.ColorationasinZ. metatarsi:Ip0-0-0,v2-2-2,r0-0-0;IIp0-0-0,r0-0-
fuscus. Leg spination: femora: I d1-1-2; II p1- 1;IIIp1-1-2,r1-2-2.Cribellumpresent.Epigynal