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A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-66138-2, 200 pages, 7 x 10, (2006) This free PDF was downloaded from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online, free • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books • Purchase PDFs • Explore with our innovative research tools Thank you for downloading this free PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative National Materials Advisory Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences ThE NATIoNAl ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CTS-0436444. Any opinions, fndings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily refect the views of the National Science Foundation. International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10223-5 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10223-0 Cover: Clockwise from top right: • “Flower Bouquet,” a three-dimensional nanostructure grown by controlled nucleation of silicon carbide nanowires on gallium catalyst particles. © Ghim Wei Ho and Mark Welland, University of Cambridge. Reprinted with permission. • Scanning electron microscopy image of chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Courtesy of NASA. • Array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes grown using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposi- tion, which is then intercalated with copper to create a composite exhibiting good thermal properties applicable for chip cooling. Courtesy of NASA. • Scanning electron microscopy image of hexagonal zinc oxide nanocrystallites. Courtesy of the National Science Foundation and Yicheng Lu, Sriram Muthukumar, and Nuri Emanetoglu, Rutgers University. • Scanning electron microscopy image of zinc oxide nanowires grown on silicon in which the average width of the rods is 40 to 50 nanometers. Courtesy of the National Science Foundation and Yicheng Lu, Sriram Muthukumar, and Nuri Emanetoglu, Rutgers University. • “Nano Rings” grown by varying the conditions of chemical vapor deposition synthesis of silicon com- posite nanostructures. © Ghim Wei Ho and Mark Welland, University of Cambridge. Reprinted with permission. • “Transport XI,” part of a series on electron transport in semiconductors, shows electrons that are launched over a very small range of initial angles, represented by the narrow “stems.” Small initial dif- ferences in angle grow quickly, as evidenced by the fanning out and branching of electron paths. © Eric J. Heller, Harvard University. Reprinted with permission. • Scanning electron microscopy image of an array of carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposi- tion. Courtesy of NASA. Copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Additional copies of this report are available from: National Materials Advisory Board 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonproft, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientifc and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientifc and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientifc and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE JAMES C. WILLIAMS, Ohio State University, Chair CHERRY A. MURRAY, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Vice Chair A. MICHAEL ANDREWS II, L3 Communications Corporation MARK J. CARDILLO, The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation CRYSTAL CUNANAN, ReVision Optics, Inc. PETER H. DIAMANDIS, X PRIZE Foundation PAUL A. FLEURY, Yale University PAUL B. GERMERAAD, Intellectual Assets, Inc. ALAN H. GOLDSTEIN, Alfred University MARY L. GOOD, University of Arkansas at Little Rock THOMAS S. HARTWICK, TRW, Inc. (retired) MAYNARD A. HOLLIDAY, Evolution Robotics, Inc. RICHARD L. IRVING, Lakewood Village Community Church, Long Beach, California DONALD H. LEVY, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago BETTIE SUE MASTERS, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio SONIA E. MILLER, Converging Technologies Bar Association EDWARD K. MORAN, Deloitte & Touche USA LLP DAVID C. MOWERY, Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley KATHLEEN M. REST, Union of Concerned Scientists THOMAS A. SAPONAS, Agilent Technologies (retired) R. PAUL SCHAUDIES, Science Applications International Corporation TSUNG-TSAN SU, NanoTechnology Research Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan THOMAS N. THEIS, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Staff GARY FISCHMAN, National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB), Director DENNIS CHAMOT, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Acting NMAB Director TONI MARECHAUX, Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design, Past Director MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Offcer v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html TAMAE MAEDA WONG, Senior Program Offcer EUGENE J. CHOI, Program Offcer TERI THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator COLLEEN BRENNAN, Program Associate LAURA TOTH, Senior Program Assistant vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD KATHARINE G. FRASE, IBM, Chair LYLE H. SCHWARTZ, Consultant, Chevy Chase, Maryland, Vice Chair JOHN ALLISON, Ford Motor Company PAUL BECHER, Oak Ridge National Laboratory CHERYL R. BLANCHARD, Zimmer, Inc. EVERETT E. BLOOM, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (retired) BARBARA D. BOYAN, Georgia Institute of Technology L. CATHERINE BRINSON, Northwestern University DIANNE CHONG, The Boeing Company PAUL CITRON, Consultant, Minneapolis, Minnesota FIONA DOYLE, University of California, Berkeley SOSSINA M. HAILE, California Institute of Technology CAROL A. HANDWERKER, Purdue University ELIZABETH HOLM, Sandia National Laboratories ANDREW T. HUNT, nGimat Company DAVID W. JOHNSON, JR., Stevens Institute of Technology FRANK E. KARASZ, University of Massachusetts CONILEE G. KIRKPATRICK, HRL Laboratories TERRY LOWE, Los Alamos National Laboratory KENNETH H. SANDHAGE, Georgia Institute of Technology LINDA SCHADLER, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ROBERT E. SCHAFRIK, GE Aircraft Engines JAMES C. SEFERIS, University of Washington SHARON L. SMITH, Lockheed Martin Corporation Staff GARY FISCHMAN, Director MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Offcer HEATHER LOZOWSKI, Financial Associate TERI THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11752.html Preface he National Research Council (NRC) was asked by the U.S. Congress to con- duct the frst triennial evaluation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative T(NNI);1 assess the need for standards, guidelines, or strategies for ensuring the responsible development of nanotechnology; and consider the technical feasi- bility of molecular self-assembly for the manufacture of materials and devices at the molecular scale. The full statement of task is given in Appendix A. APPROACH TO AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY To conduct this study, the NRC appointed the Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative, whose members’ expertise ranged from nanoscale science and engineering to industrial research and development (R&D) and encompassed interdisciplinary research, business management, biomedicine and human health, public and environmental safety, national defense, international benchmarking, transfer of technology for commercialization, intellectual property issues, and the societal and ethical implications of nanotechnology; see Appendix B. To gather information on and gain insight into the multiagency collaborations and extensive R&D programs associated with the NNI, the committee held a series of public workshops participated in by members of the broader NNI-related com- 1A review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative by the NRC in 2002 was published in Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers: A Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2002). ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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