A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. (MPB-23), Volume 23 PDF
Preview A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. (MPB-23), Volume 23
A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems MONOGRAPHS IN POPULATION BIOLOGY EDITED BY ROBERT M. MAY 1. The Theory of Island Biogeography, by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson 2. Evolution in Changing Environments: Some Theoretical Explora- tions, by Richard Levins 3. Adaptive Geometry of Trees, by Henry S. Horn 4. Theoretical Aspects of Population Genetics, by Motoo Kimura and Tomoko Ohta 5. Populations in a Seasonal Environment, by Stephen D. Fretwell 6. Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems, by Robert M. May 7. Competition and the Structure of Bird Communities, by Martin L. Cody 8. Sex and Evolution, by George C. Williams 9. Group Selection in Predator-Prey Communities, by Michael E. Gilpin 10. Geographic Variation, Speciation, and Clines, by John A. Endler 11. Food Webs and Niche Space, by Joel E. Cohen 12. Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects, by George F. Oster and Ed- ward O. Wilson 13. The Dynamics of Arthropod Predator-Prey Systems, by Michael P. Hassell 14. Some Adaptations of Marsh-Nesting Blackbirds, by Gordon H. Orians 15. Evolutionary Biology of Parasites, by Peter W. Price 16. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Ap- proach, by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and M. W. Feldman 17. Resource Competition and Community Structure, by David Tilman 18. The Theory of Sex Allocation, by Eric L. Charnov 19. Mate Choice in Plants: Tactics, Mechanisms, and Conse- quences, by Mary F. Willson and Nancy Burley 20. The Florida Scrub Jay: Demography of a Cooperative-Breeding Bird, by Glen E. Woolfenden and John W. Fitzpatrick 21. Natural Selection in the Wild, by John A. Endler 22. Theoretical Studies on Sex Ratio Evolution, by Samuel Karlin and Sa- bin Lessard 23. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems, by R. V. O'Neill, D. L. De- Angelis, J. B. Waide, and T.F.H. Allen A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems R. V. O'NEILL D. L. DEANGELIS J. B. WAIDE T.F.H. ALLEN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY Copyright © 1986 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey ALL RIGHTS RKSERVED Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book ISBN 0-691-08436-X (doth) 0-691-08437-8 (pbk.) This book has been composed in linotron Baskerville Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. Paperbacks, although satisfactory for personal collections, are not usually suitable for library rebinding Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Contents Acknowledgments vii Part I. The Concept of an Ecosystem 1 1. Fundamental Ambiguities in the Ecosystem Concept 3 2. A Historical Perspective on How Ecologists Have Viewed Ecosystems 20 Part II. Preliminary Considerations 35 3. The Ecosystem as a System 37 4. The Concept of Hierarchy and Its Typical Application 55 Part III. A Proposal for a Theory 73 5. Some Elements of Hierarchy Theory 75 6. Hierarchical Structure as the Consequence of Evolution in Open, Dissipative Systems 101 Part IV. Applications of the Theory to Ecological Systems 123 7. Ecosystems as Hierarchies of Species 125 8. Ecosystems as Hierarchies of Processes 159 9. Ecosystems as Dual Hierarchies 186 Literature Cited 213 Author Index 247 Subject Index 251 Acknowledgments Research was funded by the National Science Foundation, Ecosystem Studies Program under Interagency Agreement BSR 8021024 with the United States Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 with Martin Mar- ietta Energy Systems, Inc., and in part by the Office of Re- search and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, under Cooperative Agreement Nos. CR 811060 and CR 807856. Additional funding was provided by Cornell University and by the Office of Health and En- vironmental Research, United States Department of En- ergy. This is publication No. 2719 of the Environmental Sci- ences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and No. ERC-080 of the Ecosystems Research Center (ERC), Cornell University. The ERC was established in 1980 as a unit of the Center for Environmental Research at Cornell University. The work and conclusions published herein represent the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions, policies, or recommendations of the Environ- mental Protection Agency (EPA) or of Cornell University. The EPA and Cornell University do not endorse any com- mercial products used in the study. vn
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