A dictionary of hallucinations PDF
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A Dictionary of Hallucinations Jan Dirk Blom A Dictionary of Hallucinations 123 JanDirkBlom,M.D.,Ph.D. AssistantProfessorofPsychiatry ParnassiaBavoGroup &UniversityofGroningen Paradijsappelstraat2 2552HXTheHague TheNetherlands ISBN978-1-4419-1222-0 e-ISBN978-1-4419-1223-7 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-1223-7 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009937444 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronic adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,evenif theyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornot theyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. Coverillustration:1.‘TheAbsintheDrinker’.Oilpainting(c.1903)byViktorOliva;2.‘Alicein Wonderland’.Illustration(c.1865)byJohnTenniel3.FunctionalMRIscansofthebrain,axial slices,groupanalysis.Theyellow,orange,andredareasrepresentanincreaseintheBOLDresponse concomitanttoverbalauditoryhallucinatoryactivity.ScanimagescourtesyofDr.RutgerGoekoop andDr.JasperLooijestijn,ParnassiaBavoGroup,TheHague. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Ourhistoryisfullofthereportsofvisionaries,prophets,andotherfigureswhoderivedtheir insightsandauthorityfromwhatwewouldnowcallhallucinations.Asthesereportstestify, individuals who knew how to deploy them convincingly for some noble cause were often rewardedwithahighsocialstatus.ReligioustextsliketheBibleevenindicatethatforalong timenoeventofimportancewasthoughttotakeplacewithoutsomeannouncementbyavoice orvisionfrombeyond.Thusonemightholdthathallucinationshaveconstitutedalegitimate source of information and inspiration in most – if not all – ancient cultures. On the other hand,forothergroupsofindividualstheyhavealwaysconstitutedasignificantsourceofsuf- fering.Buteveninthesecases,theconceptofillnessseldomseemedtocometomind.Those whoneededhelpweremorelikelytobetakentoapriestthantoaphysician.Accordingto ZilboorgandHenry,forthousandsofyearsitwasunthinkablethatdoctors,withtheirearthly methods,wouldinvolvethemselvesinmatterspertainingtothespirit.Thismaywellhavebeen theprincipalreasonwhybiomedicinebecameinvolvedinthestudyofhallucinationssolate initsdevelopmentalhistory. From the 17th century on, the rise of scientific thinking and the simultaneous process ofsecularizationbroughtaboutashiftinthegeneralattitudetowardshallucinations.Their otherworldlyoriginwasnolongertakenforgranted,andthewritingsinwhichtheyappeared were increasingly interpreted as allegorical in nature. The work published in 1813 by John Ferriarisoftenreferredtoasthefirsttextthatexamineshallucinationsfromanexclusively physiological point of view. But when the 19th century came to a close, biomedicine was still hesitant about appropriating the territory to which it had become entitled. Although hallucinationshadlongsincebecometheirprofessionalconcern,doctorsremainedreluctant togivethemthefullattentionthattheydeservedandtoinvestigatethemintheirownright. Ironicallyperhaps,thefirsttotakeupthegauntletweretheparapsychologists.Represented bythephilosopherHenrySidgwickandhisSocietyforPsychicalResearch(SPR),itwasthey whocarriedoutthefirstlarge-scalescientificstudiesofhallucinations. Onthescaleofhumanhistory,biomedicinewaslatetothegameofhallucinationsresearch. Butoncethegamewason,itquicklygainedmomentum.In1932RaoulMourguepublished anoverviewof7,000biomedicalstudiesonhallucinations,andevenheadmittedthatitwas notexhaustive.Todaythenumberofstudiesonthesephenomenaisliterallycountless.This dictionaryattemptstoopenuptheliteratureonhallucinationsandrelatedphenomena(i.e., illusionsandsensorydistortions)byprovidinganalphabeticallistingofthekeytermsand concepts,asderivedfromthehistoricalandcontemporaryliterature.Asmyreadingabilities arelimitedtofourlanguages,thereferencesaremainlyconfinedtoEnglish,German,French, andDutchtexts. Thisdictionarydoesnotclaimtobeexhaustive–howcoulditbe?–butitdoesclaimto providearepresentativeoverviewofrelevantphenomena.Theentriescanberoughlydivided intofivecategories: v Preface 1. Specificsymptoms(i.e.,hallucinations,illusions,andsensorydistortions) 2. Medicalconditionsandsubstancesassociatedwiththemediationofhallucinations 3. Definitionsofthetermshallucinationandillusionbysomeimportanthistoricalauthors 4. Historicalfigureswhoareknowntohaveexperiencedhallucinations 5. Miscellaneousissues Eachofthedefinitionsofspecificsymptoms(under1above)includesthefollowing: • Adefinitionoftheterm • Itsetymologicalorigin • Theyearofintroduction(ifknown) • Areferencetotheauthororauthorswhointroducedtheterm(ifknown) • Adescriptionofthecurrentuse • A brief explanation of the etiology and pathophysiology of the symptom at hand (if known) • Referencestorelatedterms • Relevantliteraturereferences During the era of classic psychiatry, the localizing value of different types of mispercep- tion was considered highly significant. As a consequence, much energy was devoted to theirphenomenology,classification,andhypotheticalrelationwithneurobiologicalprocesses. However, apart from post mortem histological research, the means to empirically validate the ensuing neurobiological models were limited. Today structural and functional imaging techniques allow us to localize the various CNS areas involved in the mediation of these phenomena and to answer the question of whether the complexity at the phenomenologi- callevelisindeedindicativeoftheassumedcomplexityattheunderlyingneurobiologicaland neuropsychologicallevels.Butastheliteratureindicates,thepresent-dayemphasisonempir- ical research is sometimes at the expense of the conceptual issues our predecessors valued sohighly.Therefore,thisdictionaryaimstoreappraisetheconceptsofhallucinations,illu- sions,andsensorydistortionsdevelopedduringtheeraofclassicpsychiatryandadvocatesto incorporatethemintoourcurrentscientificdiscours. Leiden,TheNetherlands JanDirkBlom References Ferriar,J.(1813).Anessaytowardsatheoryofapparitions.London:CadellandDavies. Mourgue, R. (1932). Neurobiologie de l(cid:2)hallucination. Essai sur une variété particulière de désintégrationdelafonction.Bruxelles:MauriceLamertin. Parish,E.(1897).Hallucinationsandillusions.Astudyofthefallaciesofperception.London: WalterScott. Sidgwick,H.,Johnson,A.,Myers,F.W.H.,Podmore,F.,Sidgwick,E.(1894).Reportonthe Census of Hallucinations. In: Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. Volume XXVI.PartX.London:KeganPaul,Trench,Trübner&Co,pp.25–422. Zilboorg,G.,Henry,G.W.(1941).Ahistoryofmedicalpsychology.NewYork:W.W.Norton& Company. vi Acknowledgements Iwouldliketothankthefollowingindividualsforcontributing–directlyorindirectly–to the realization of this book. In alphabetical order: André Aleman, Ann Avouris, Marten Blom,JosBrinkmann,KirstinDaalman,KellyDiederen,JohnEnterman,BarbaraFasting, AudreyFennema,Dominicffytche,MarkvanderGaag,RutgerGoekoop,BertvanHemert, Melissa Higgs, Wijbrand Hoek, Ellen van Hummel, René Kahn, King Kho, Jasper Looijestijn, Willemke Marinus, Sankara Narayanan, Bas Neggers, Felix Portnoy, Anne- MarijeRijkaart,HugoSimons,KarinSlotema,IrisSommer,VictorVladárRivero,Remco deVries,RenatedeVries,AntoindeWeijer,andanunknownnumberofanonymousreview- ers who helped to move the project forward. Last but not least, I would like to thank the manypatients fromtheParnassia BavoGroupandelsewhere,whowerewillingtoprovide verbalreportsoftheirhallucinations,andtothussharetheirexperienceswithmeoverthe years. vii Contents A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 ix Contents S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 x List of Figures A.1 TheAbsintheDrinker.Oilpainting(around1903)byViktor Oliva.Source:CaféSlavia,Prague . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A.2 Afterimages.Fromlefttoright:originalopticalstimulus,Hering’s afterimage,Purkinje’safterimage,Hessafterimage.Illustrationby JDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A.3 AliceinWonderland.IllustrationbyJohnTenniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 A.4 AloisAlzheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A.5 Amanitamushroomwithlilliputianhallucinations.Illustrationby JDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 A.6 TheMonastery.Engraving(1821)byCharlesHeath.Publishedby Hurst,Robinson,&Co.,London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 A.7 Archimedes’spiral.Source:Plateau,J.A.F.(1878).Bibliographie analytiquedesprincipauxphénomènessubjectifsdelavision, depuisletempsanciensjusqu’àlafinduXVIIIe siècle,suivie d’unebibliographiesimplepourlapartieécouléedusiècleactuel. Mémoiresdel’AcadémieRoyaledesSciences,desLettresetdes Beaux-artsdeBelgique,Volume52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 A.8 SilvanoArieti.PhotographbyBlackstone-Shelburne,NY . . . . . . . . . 37 A.9 Aristotle’sillusion.Source:LaNature,1881,1,384 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A.10 Aristotle.Portrait(c.1475)byJoosvanGent.Source:Muséedu Louvre,Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A.11 Belladonna,thegoddessofthedeadlynightshade.Engravingafter apaintingbyGabrielMax.Source:Gartenlaube,1902 . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A.12 Atropabelladonna.Woodcut.Source:Tabernaemontanus,J.Th. (1687).NeuVollkommenKräuter-Buch.Basel:Joh.LudwigKönig undJohannBrandmyller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A.13 Autoscopichallucination.IllustrationbyJDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 B.1 Bagelvision.IllustrationbyJDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 B.2 Benham’stop.Sources:Benham,C.E.(1894).Theartificial spectrumtop.Nature,51,113–114;and:Fechner,G.T.(1838). UebereineScheibezurErzeugungsubjectiverFarben.In:Annalen derPhysikundChemie.EditedbyPoggendorff,J.C.Leipzig: VerlagvonJohannAmbrosiusBarth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 B.3 SirWilliamRichardGowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 B.4 WilliamBlake.Engraving(1808)byLuigiSchiavonetti,aftera portrait(1807)byThomasPhillips.Source:CollectionofG.E. Bentley,Jr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 B.5 Ezekiel’sWheels(c.1803–1805).WatercolourbyWilliamBlake. Source:MuseumofFineArts,Boston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 xi
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