Table Of Content

A Dictionary of British and Irish History A Dictionary of British and Irish History Edited by Robert Peberdy and Philip Waller This edition first published 2021 © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd; © editorial matter and organisation Robert Peberdy and Philip Waller. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Robert Peberdy and Philip Waller to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Office 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Peberdy, Robert, editor. | Waller, P. J. (Philip J.), editor. Title: A dictionary of British and Irish history / edited by Robert Bernard Peberdy and Philip John Waller. Description: First edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2021. Identifiers: LCCN 2020012769 (print) | LCCN 2020012770 (ebook) | ISBN 9780631201540 (cloth) | ISBN 9780631201557 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119698425 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119698449 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Great Britain–History–Encyclopedias. | Ireland–History–Encyclopedias. Classification: LCC DA640 .D53 2020 (print) | LCC DA640 (ebook) | DDC 941.003–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012769 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020012770 Cover design: Wiley Cover images (top to bottom): Stonehenge, near Amesbury, Wiltshire, England, UK: John Evans/Shutterstock Rock of Cashel, Co. Tipperary, Republic of Ireland: travelbild.com/Alamy Stock Photo Dugald Stewart Monument and Edinburgh skyline, Scotland, UK: Norbert Achtelik, MITO images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Denbighshire, Wales, UK: Kelly Rann/Alamy Stock Photo Set in 9/10.5pt Minion by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface vii Advisers ix Contributors x Abbreviations xii Acknowledgements xiv DICTIONARY ENTRIES A–Z 1 Maps 695 Preface Readers who chance upon this work may wonder why its battles. But it also offers further assistance. Two difficulties editors have created a reference book when so much infor- often encountered in studying historical topics are ascer- mation is now freely available through the Internet. The taining essential elements and appreciating them within explanation is the editors’ conviction that the book remains broader contexts. The latter problem occurs particularly an effective medium for the presentation and communica- when history is studied as ‘modules’ covering brief periods tion of knowledge. or narrow topics. This Dictionary provides numerous short The content of books represents the desire of editors and synoptic entries on broad subjects from which students can authors to communicate with particular readers and users, quickly absorb basic subject‐matter and appreciate it as part and to address their perceived interests or requirements. of a larger story. The provision of extensive cross‐referencing Long‐established facilities, namely the book trade, book also enables students to expand their learning immediately. reviews and libraries, enable them to reach intended audi- Content is deliberately factual and chronological in emphasis, ences. The Internet, despite its advantages for many pur- rather than analytical; and brevity necessarily excludes poses, can be a sprawling, uncertain medium. Although deeper matters such as causation, consequences and authors of websites can communicate potentially with over alternative theories. The production of short entries has 4 billion people, they cannot necessarily reach interested inevitably required simplicity, ruthless selection of facts and readers; publishing through a website is rather like posting sometimes sharp generalization. The editors hope that use an announcement in the hope that someone might notice of the Dictionary’s entries will leave students with a clear it. This absence of channelled interaction tends to encour- grasp of basic information with which they can then tackle age authors to give unlimited expression to their own con- more detailed and discursive publications. cerns and enthusiasms, rather than providing what an The editors further hope that the book will prove useful audience wants. Books have other advantages. Many peo- to other groups who need to obtain basic historical infor- ple find that they can browse more easily through printed mation rapidly and easily, such as teachers, journalists, books than through electronically held material and can museum curators, tourism promoters, civil servants, diplo- absorb content more effectively from print than from a mats and politicians — not to mention readers who have a screen. natural curiosity about the past. All facets of A Dictionary of British and Irish History have In providing a reference work on British and Irish his- been carefully designed for particular users and purposes. It tory, the editors have sought to be even‐handed in dealing is aimed, in the first instance, at history students in universi- with the component parts of the British Isles. This is done ties, colleges and schools, in Britain and Ireland and world- in a flexible way. For some topics (e.g., housing, the wide. Like all reference books, it provides items of Reformation) there are separate entries on the constituent information that may be required instantly, such as defini- parts of Britain and on Ireland. In other instances (e.g., tions of concepts and dates of births, deaths, treaties and divorce law), a single entry covers different jurisdictions. viii preface The editors wish to draw attention to and explain certain some places now within London, such as Chiswick, are features of the Dictionary. located by reference to the former county of Middlesex). Places are also sometimes located by reference to a con- • Cross‐references: these occur within and at the end of temporaneous kingdom (e.g., Gwynedd, Mercia). entries and are shown by capitalization of words. • Places of birth and death in biographies: these are Capitalized words within entries do not always corre- usually located partly by reference to the relevant con- spond exactly to the headings of other entries; never- temporaneous kingdom, country or other territory, theless they will be similar and easy to follow. Sometimes except that after the formation of Great Britain in 1707 a key word within a phrase is capitalized to indicate an places within Britain continue to be specified in rela- entry heading (e.g., ‘Church of Scotland’ refers to tion to England, Scotland or Wales. In Ireland following ‘Scotland, Church of’). partition (1921), places are located by reference to • Personal names: people are generally referred to by southern or Northern Ireland. their normally used names rather than full names (the • Numbering of rulers: because of the varying geograph- latter are mentioned mostly to elucidate use of initials; ical extents of rulers’ authority within the British Isles, e.g., ‘William Ewart Gladstone’ to explain the entry some rulers of ‘multiple kingdoms’ or unified kingdoms heading ‘Gladstone, W.E.’). have conventionally been known by different numbers • Historical periods: common period names (e.g., early in each kingdom or by a particular numbering. The medieval, Regency, Victorian) have been used spar- Dictionary uses the following conventions. James VI of ingly; periods are frequently described in terms of cen- Scotland is normally called ‘James VI/I’ after his acces- turies. This has been done partly to assist users who are sion as James I in England and Ireland (1603), and his unfamiliar with period names and partly because some later namesake is ‘James VII/II’. English numbering is names are used differently in the various parts of the used for rulers called Henry (Henry II to Henry VIII) as British Isles. Period names are discussed in the entry lords of Ireland; William III as king of Ireland (its first ‘historical periods’. William) and Scotland (the second William); the fol- • Dates between 5 Oct. 1582 and 2 Sept. 1752: these are lowing as rulers of the United Kingdom: William IV, given as ‘Old Style’ dates as were used officially in Edward VII and Edward VIII (the first and second Britain and Ireland (rather than as the ‘New Style’ dates Edwards for Scotland) and Elizabeth II (Scotland’s first that were used in Continental Europe following adop- Elizabeth). tion of the Gregorian Calendar). • Use of term ‘lord’: references to the creation of a man as • Start of year: this is taken throughout as 1 January, as a ‘lord’ (from 1387 in England, 1462 in Ireland), or became official in Scotland after 31 Dec. 1599 and in inheritance of such status, normally refer to the peerage England, Wales and Ireland after 31 Dec. 1751. rank of ‘baron’; other ranks, such as viscount, are usu- • References to shires/counties and kingdoms: where a ally designated. Note, however, that some men who place is located by reference to a shire or county (from ranked higher than baron are commonly referred to as the 10th century in England, later elsewhere), the unit is ‘Lord’ (e.g., the 3rd Viscount Palmerston is usually normally the contemporaneous one (e.g., before 1965 called ‘Lord Palmerston’). Advisers BRITISH AND IRISH PREHISTORY ENGLAND, 11TH—12TH CENTURIES John Collis, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University John Hudson, FBA, Bishop Wardlaw Professor of Legal of Sheffield History, University of St Andrews ENGLAND, 13TH—15TH CENTURIES ROMAN BRITAIN James G. Clark, Professor of History, University of Exeter Martin Millett, FBA, Laurence Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Cambridge ENGLAND, 16TH CENTURY Andrew Pettegree, Professor of Modern History, University WALES, 5TH—15TH CENTURIES of St Andrews T.M. Charles‐Edwards, FBA, Emeritus Jesus Professor of Celtic, University of Oxford ENGLAND, 17TH CENTURY Clive Holmes, Emeritus Fellow, Lady Margaret Hall, WALES, 16TH—21ST CENTURIES Oxford Aled Gruffydd Jones, formerly Sir John Williams Professor of Welsh History, Aberystwyth University, and National ENGLAND & GREAT BRITAIN, 18TH CENTURY Librarian of Wales Sir David Eastwood, Vice‐Chancellor, University of Birmingham NORTHERN BRITAIN & SCOTLAND, 5TH—15TH CENTURIES ENGLAND & GREAT BRITAIN, 19TH CENTURY Alexander Grant, Reader in Medieval History, University Janet Howarth, Emeritus Fellow, St Hilda’s College, of Lancaster Oxford SCOTLAND, 16TH—21ST CENTURIES ENGLAND & GREAT BRITAIN, 20TH—21ST Keith Brown, Professor of History, and Vice‐President and CENTURIES Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Manchester J.S. Rowett, Emeritus Fellow, Brasenose College, Oxford IRELAND, 5TH—15TH CENTURIES IMPERIAL HISTORY Seán Duffy, Associate Professor of Medieval History, T.N. Harper, Professor of the History of Southeast Asia, Trinity College, Dublin University of Cambridge; Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge IRELAND, 16TH—21ST CENTURIES R.F. Foster, FBA, Emeritus Professor of Irish ADVISER FOR SCHOOLS History, University of Oxford; Professor of Irish Andrew White, formerly history teacher, Cherwell School, History and Literature, Queen Mary University of London Oxford, and tutor at the Oxford University Department of SOUTHERN BRITAIN & ENGLAND, 5TH—11TH Education CENTURIES Pauline Stafford, Emeritus Professor of Early Medieval CARTOGRAPHER History, University of Liverpool Giles Darkes, Oxford Contributors David Ashton, Deputy Principal, Royal Holloway, Colin Haydon, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of University of London the Royal Historical Society Brian Blacker, independent scholar Stuart Hunn, Head of Politics, Bancroft’s School, London James S. Bothwell, Lecturer in Later Medieval History, Mike Keoghan, Chief Economic Adviser of the Department University of Leicester of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, UK Government Richard Brickstock, formerly Lecturer and Researcher in Archaeology and Ancient History at the Universities of Alan R. MacDonald, Senior Lecturer in History, University Durham and Leeds of Dundee James G. Clark, Professor of History, University of Exeter Alastair Macdonald, Mackie Lecturer in History, University of Aberdeen Simon Coates†, sometime British Academy Postdoctoral Research Fellow, King’s College London Christine McGladdery, Associate Lecturer and Director of Teaching, School of History, University of St Andrews John Collis, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Sheffield Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin†, sometime Lecturer on the Medieval Irish Studies Programme at NUI Maynooth Gabriel Cooney, Adjunct Professor of Archaeology, UCD School of Archaeology, University College Dublin Chris Murray, Editor, The Hutchinson Dictionary of the Arts David Crook, formerly Reader in Education, Brunel University, London Helen Parish, Professor of Early Modern History, University of Reading John Davies†, sometime Senior Lecturer in Welsh History, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth Robert Peberdy, formerly Assistant Editor, Victoria County History of Oxfordshire Mark Edmonds, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of York Mark Philpott, Fellow of Keble College, Oxford; J.M. Neale Fellow in Church History, St Stephen’s Janet Foggie, Church of Scotland Chaplain to the House, Oxford University of Stirling Barry Raftery†, sometime Professor of Celtic Archaeology, Austin Gee, Tutor in History, Otago University, New Zealand University College Dublin contributors xi Paul Seaward, British Academy/Wolfson Research David E. Thornton, Assistant Professor of History, Bilkent Professor, History of Parliament, London University Susan Skedd, independent scholar and heritage consultant Jason Tomes, Lecturer in London for Boston University Glenn A. Steppler, military historian Matthew Vickers, Chief Executive of Ombudsman Services, UK Ann Swailes, OP, Assistant Chaplain, Fisher House, Cambridge Andrew Wareham, Reader in Medieval Economic History, University of Roehampton Richard Tames, Adjunct Professor of History at Syracuse University’s London Centre Ian Whyte†, sometime Emeritus Professor, Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster Andrew Thompson, Professor of Global Imperial History, University of Oxford