A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese: Part 2: Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Particles, Postpositions

986 Pages·2008·30.039 MB·The Languages of Asia

by  Alexander Vovin

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A DESCRIPTIVE AND COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR
OF WESTERN OLD JAPANESE

PART 2: Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs,
Conjunctions, Particles, Postpositions
THE LANGUAGES OF ASIA SERIES

Series Editor: Alexander Vovin
University of Hawai’i at Mānoa

EDITORIAL BOARD

Wolfgang Behr
University of Zurich

Uwe Blaesing
University of Leiden

Stefan Georg
University of Bonn

Toshiki Osada
Research Institute for
Humanity and Nature (Kyoto)
A Descriptive and Comparative
Grammar of
Western Old Japanese

PART 2

Adjectives, Verbs,
Adverbs, Conjunctions,
Particles, Postpositions

(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)

ALEXANDER VOVIN
University of Hawai’i
LANGUAGES OF ASIA SERIES
Volume 8

A DESCRIPTIVE AND COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF WESTERN OLD JAPANESE
PART 2: Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Particles, Postpositions

by Alexander Vovin

First published 2009 by
GLOBAL ORIENTAL
PO Box 219
Folkestone
Kent CT20 2WP
UK

www.globaloriental.co.uk

© Alexander Vovin 2009

ISBN 978-1-905246-82-3

All rights reserved. No part of this publication
May be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
Electronic, mechanical or other means, now known
Or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
Recording, or in any information or retrieval system,
Without prior permission in writing from the Publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue entry for this book is available
From the British Library

Printed and bound in England by TJI, Padstow, Cornwall
For Sambi
CONTENTS
List of charts XIV
Acknowledgements XIX
Abbreviations XXI
Preface XXVI
ADDITIONS TO PART 1 413
REVISEDMAN'YOGANA CHART 413
IMPORTANT NOTE ON WESTERN OLD JAPANESE
PHONOLOGY 420
SECOND PERSON PRONOUN ORE 426
ADJECTIVES 429
5.1 UNINFLECTED ADJECTIVES 429
5.1.1. -KA ADJECTIVES 440
5.2 INFLECTED ADJECTIVES 443
5.2.1 INFINITIVE FORM -KU 444
5.2.1.1 Infinitive form -ku + ar- 'exist' 449
5.2.1.2 Contracted form -k-ar- 454
5.2.2 FINAL FORM -SI 461
5.2.3 ATTRIBUTIVE FORM -KYI 466
5.2.3.1 Nominalized form -ky-eku 473
5.2.3.2 Evidential forms -kye-and -kyere 476
5.2.3.3 Tentative form -ky-em- 478
5.2.3.4 Conditional form -ky-enpa 480
5.2.4 NOMINAL/ZED FORM -SA 482
5.2.5. GERUND -MYI 485
5.2.6 DE VERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -ASI 491
5.3.1 DEFECTIVE ADJECTIVE KA- 494
5.3.2 DEFECTIVE ADJECTIVE SA 497
VERBS 499
6.0 VERBAL GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES 499
6. 0.1 MODE 499
CONTENTS VII
6.0.2 ASPECT 499
6.0.3 TENSE 500
6.0.4 MOOD 500
6.0.5 VOICE 500
6. O. 6 RETROSPECTIVE 500
6. 0.7 REPORTED ACTION 500
6. O. 8 ITERATIVE 500
6.0.9 PREDICATION 501
6.0.10 HONORIFICATION 501
6.0.11 POLITENESS 501
6.1 VERBAL CLASSES 501
6.1.1 CONSONANT VERBS 503
6.1.2 VOWEL VERBS 504
6.1.3 IRREGULAR VERBS 505
6.1.3.1 Strong vowel verbs 505
6.1.3.2 Verb ko- 'to come' 507
6.1.3.3 Verb se- - -so 'to do' 507
6.1.3.4 R-irregular verbs 508
6.1.3.4 N-irregular verbs 509
6.1.4 DEFECTIVE VERBS 510
6.1.4.1 Defective verb n- 'to be' 511
6.1.4.1.1 Infinitive form n-i 511
6.1.4.1.2 Attributive form n-o 521
6.1.4.1.3 Subordinative gerund form n-i-te 527
6.1.4.1.4 Special form nar- < n-i ar- 528
6.1.4.2 Defective verb to 'to be' 537
6.1.4.2.1 Infinitive form to 537
6.1.4.2.2 Attributive form t-u 544
6.1.4.3 Defective verb ro 'to be' 547
6.1.4.4 Defective verb to 'to say' 549
6.1.4.4.1 Infinitive form to 549
6.1.4.4.2 Final form to 554
6.1.4.4.3 Subordinative gerund form to-te 558
6.2 VERBAL AFFIXES 560
6.2.1 VERBAL PREFIXES 560
6.2.1.1 Prefix i- 561
VIII GRAMMAR OF WESTERN OLD JAPANESE
6.2.1.2 Prefix na-and circumfix na-... -so 569
6.2.1.3 Prefix ka- 573
6.2.1.4 Prefix ta- 575
6.2.1.5 Traditional prefix so- 578
6.2.1.6 Prefix ari- 579
6.2.1. 7 Prefix uti- 581
6.2.1.8 Prefix kakyi- 585
6.2.1.9 Prefix apyi- 589
6.2.1.10 Prefix e- 593
6.2.2 VERBAL SUFFIXES 594
6.2.2.1 Sentence-final verbal suffixes 595
6.2.2.1.1 Final predication suffix -u - -i 595
6.2.2.1.2 Attributive -uru - -u - -ru - -0 611
6.2.2.1.2.1 Attributive as a modifier 613
6.2.2.1.2.2 Attributive as a nominalized form 615
6.2.2.1.2.3 Attributive as a final predicate 617
6.2.2.1.2.4 Attributive as a final predicate without
kakari-musubi 623
6.2.2.1.3 Evidential -ure - -e[yj--re 635
6.2.2.1.4 Imperative -[yje --0 647
6.2.2.1.5 Zero imperative and its extended form -yo 655
6.2.2.1.6 Negative imperative -una 660
6.2.2.1.7 Desiderative -ana - -na 665
6.2.2.1.8 Subjunctive -arnasi - -rnasi 673
6.2.2.1.9 Suppositional -urasi - -asi 679
6.2.2.1.10 Negative tentative -aNsi - -Nsi 686
6.2.2.1.11 Negative potential -urnasiNsi 691
6.2.2.1.12 Exclamative -urno - -rno 695
6.2.2.2 Sentence-non-jinal verbal suffixes 700
6.2.2.2.1 Infinitives 701
6.2.2.2.1.1 Infinitive -[yji 701
6.2.2.2.1.2 Infinitive -u 716
6.2.2.2.2 Gerunds 726
6.2.2.2.2.1 Conditional gerund -aNpa - -Npa 726
6.2.2.2.2.2 Conjunctive gerund -Npa 736
6.2.2.2.2.3 Concessive gerund -Nto[rnoj 746
CONTENTS IX
6.2.2.2.3 Nominalizers 753
6.2.2.2.3.1 Nominalizer -[yJi 753
6.2.2.2.3.2 Nominalizer -u 760
6.2.2.2.3.3 Nominalizer -aku ~ -ku 763
6.2.2.2.3.4 Nominalizer -usa 776
6.2.2.3 Word-non-jinal verbal suffixes 779
6.2.2.3.1 Negative -an- ~ -aNs- ~ -n- ~ -Ns- 779
6.2.2.3.2 Tentative -am- ~ -m- 793
6.2.2.3.3 Tentative -uram- ~ -ram- 812
6.2.2.3.4 Iterative -ap- ~ -op- 820
6.2.2.3.5 Passive -aye-~ -raye-~ -ye- 828
6.2.2.3.6 Passive -are- 839
6.2.2.3.7 Honorific -as- 842
6.2.2.3.8 Causative -asimey-~ -simey- 856
6.2.2.3.9 Causative -as- ~ -(a)se- 861
6.2.2.3.10 Debitive -uNpey-~ -Npey- 871
6.2.2.3.11 Progressive -[yJer- 880
6.3 AUXILIARIES 892
6.3.1 BOUND AUXILIARIES 892
6.3.1.1 Word-jinal bound auxiliaries 893
6.3.1.1.1 Subordinative gerund -te 894
6.3.1.1.2 Coordinative gerund -tutu 908
6.3.1.1.3 Coordinative gerund -naNkara 916
6.3.1.1.4 Coordinative gerund -katera 918
6.3.1.1.5 Past -kyi ~ -si ~ -sika 919
6.3.l.2 Word-non-jinal bound auxiliaries 936
6.3.l.2.1 Perfective -n- 936
6.3.l.2.2 Perfective -te- 950
6.3.l.2.3 Perfective-progressive -tar-and its uncontracted
form -te ar- 962
6.3.l.2.4 Retrospective -kyer- 976
6.3.1.2.5 Potential -kate-~ -Nkate- 988
6.3.1.2.6 Negative potential -kane- 993
6.3.l.2.7 Benefactive -kose- 999
6.3.2 LEXICAL AUXILIARIES 1003
6.3.2.1 Honorific and humble auxiliaries 1003