3D Image Processing: Techniques and Clinical Applications PDF
Preview 3D Image Processing: Techniques and Clinical Applications
MEDICAL RADIOLOGY Diagnostic Imaging Editors: A. L. Baert, Leuven K. Sartor, Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo D. Caramella . C. Bartolozzi (Eds.) 3D Image Processing Techniques and Clinical Applications With Contributions by W. Backfrieder . I. Baeli . R. J. Bale· E. Balogh· I. Bargellini . C. Bartolozzi . A. V. Bartroli S. Berrettini . E. Bichi Secchi . W. Birkfellner . A. Blum Moyse· P. Boraschi . D. Brennan J. Bruzzi· G. Gampori . C. Cappelli· D. Caramella . M. Cartellieri . C. Catalano· D. Cioni M. Citardi . A. Cotten· L. Crocetti . M. Danti . H. M. Fenlon· F. Fraioli· M. P. Fried C. Gianni· R. Gigoni . E. Gobbetti . R. Hanel· F. Iafrate· R. Iannaccone· S. Iochum G. Israel· A. Jackson· N. W. John· F. A. Jolesz . J. Kettenbach . R. Kikinis . D. Kovacevic A. Laghi . P. F. La Palombara . R. Lencioni· M. E. Leventon . S. Lodovigi . S. Loncaric W. E. Lorensen· M. Macari· A. Malvisti· M. Marcacci· L. Martl-Bonmatl· V. M. Moharir A. Napoli· E. Neri . L. Nofrini . W. L. Nowinski· L. G. Nyhl· K. Palagyi . M. Panconi V. Panebianco· R. Passariello . F. Pediconi . M. Perri· S. Picchietti . H. Ringl . L. Salvolini R. Scateni . A. G. Schreyer· S. Sellari Franceschini· R. Shahidi . E. Sorantin . C. Spinelli M. Subasic· N. A. Thacker· P. Vagli· S. K. Warfield· G. Zanetti Foreword by A.L.Baert With 216 Figures in 411 Separate Illustrations, 185 in Color , Springer DAVIDE CARAMELLA, MD CARLO BARTOLOZZI, MD Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Oncology, Transplants, and Advanced Technologies in Medicine University of Pisa Via Roma 67 56100 Pisa Italy MEDICAL RADIOLOGY' Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology Series Editors: A. L. Baert . L. W. Brady· H.-P. Heilmann· F. Molls· K. Sartor Continuation of Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology ISBN-13:978-3-642-63977-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 3D image processing: techniques and clinical applications 1 D. Caramella, C. Bartolozzi {eds.}; with contributions byW. Backfrieder ... let al.] ; foreword by A. 1. Baert. p. ; cm. - {Medical radiology} Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:978-3-642-63977-7 e-ISBN-\3:978-3-642-59438-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-59438-0 I. Three-dimensional imaging in medicine. 2. Image processing. I. Caramella, D. II. Bartolozzi, C. {Carlo}, 1947-III. Series. [DNLM: I. Image Processing, Computer-Assisted. 2. Diagnostic Imaging-methods. WN 180 Z999 2002] R857.T47 A125 2002 616.07'54-dc21 2001049859 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH httpllwww.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 The use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover-Design and Typesetting: Verlagsservice Teichmann, 69256 Mauer SPIN: 107 657 09 2113130 - 5432 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Foreword The introduction of computer applications in medical imaging has had a tremendous impact on routine radiological practice in recent years. The possibilities for image pro cessing, presentation and transmission of digitally acquired radiological data are now almost without limits. This book sets out to provide a sorely needed update of our knowledge of the diag nostic potential of 3D imaging and the virtual rendering of images and constitutes a welcome addition to our series Medical Radiology, which aims to cover all important aspects of clinical imaging in modern diagnostic radiology. The editors and the contributing authors have striven to focus not only on the theo retical foundations of digital imaging but also on the clinical value of these new meth ods. Therefore this volume should be of great interest not only to diagnostic radiologists but also to surgeons. Davide Caramella and Carlo Bartolozzi have been involved in digital radiological techniques for many years, and the department of radiology of the University of Pis a has played a leading pioneer role in exploring the clinical potential of this new technol ogy. Their own excellent knowledge and expertise has enabled them to engage a very distinguished group of internationally known experts in digital imaging as contribu tors. I would like to congratulate them most sincerely for this outstanding volume, its comprehensive contents as well as its superb illustrations. I trust this book will meet with the same great success as previous volumes in the series. Leuven ALBERT 1. BAERT Preface In recent times, few fields in medicine have witnessed such impressive progress as the application of computers to radiology: digital acquisition, display, management and pro cessing of diagnostic images have revolutionized the practice of radiology and have determined a growing interest in this field on the part of other medical professionals also. In particular, post-processing and 3D reconstruction of diagnostic images not only satisfy an aesthetic requirement of radiologists: they have become a necessary tool for the representation of complex anatomical structures and for the understanding of path ological changes in terms of both morphology and function. This is crucial if we con sider that the volume of native images produced with new-generation cross-sectional techniques has become increasingly large. Also the requirements of referring physicians have changed accordingly. Today they not only ask for the "simple" radiological diagnosis accompanying a series of native images; they also request the availability of reconstructed images that allow better appreciation of the disease process, appropriate selection of treatment options, and accurate planning of procedures. This book, written by leading experts worldwide, provides a comprehensive and up to-date overview of the role of 3D image processing, covering the introductory techni cal aspects and then providing in-depth analysis of the main clinical applications. Final chapters discuss the evolutionary aspects of this challenging new area of the radiologi cal sciences, by focusing on recent developments in functional imaging and computer aided surgery. We hope that this book, which is the expression of the enthusiastic commitment of many distinguished colleagues, will fulfil the expectations of all medical professionals who are interested in this very important field. Finally, we would like to express our deep appreciation to the Medical Radiology series Editor, Prof. Albert Baert, and thank most sincerely all the authors for having spent so much time and effort in preparing truly outstanding contributions. Pisa DAVIDE CARAMELLA CARLO BARTOLOZZI Contents Technique ................................................................ . 1 US Image Acquisition R. LENCIONI, M. PERRI, and D. CIONI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 CT Image Acquisition: from Single Slice to Multislice M. MACARI and G. ISRAEL ............................................... 11 3 MR Image Acquisition: from 2D to 3D L. MARTf-BoNMATf ..................................................... 21 4 Surface Rendering A. G. SCHREYER and S. K. WARFIELD 31 5 Volume Rendering N. W. JOHN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6 Virtual Endoscopy E. NERI, P. VAGLI, and C. SPINELLI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7 Pitfalls and Artefacts in Virtual Endoscopy E. NERI, P. VAGLI, and S. PICCHIETTI ...................................... 55 8 3D Image Fusion A. JACKSON and N. A. THACKER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Clinical Applications ....................................................... 77 9 Electronic Brain Atlases: Features and Applications W. L. NOWINSKI ........................................................ 79 10 Middle and Inner Ear E. NERI, S. BERRETTINI, M. PANCONI, and C. CAPPELLI 95 11 Virtual Endoscopy of Paranasal Sinuses J. KETTENBACH, W. BACKFRIEDER, M. CITARDI, R. SHAHIDI, H. RINGL, M. CARTELLIERI, and W. BIRKFELLNER .................................... 105 12 Virtual Laryngoscopy J. KETTENBACH, M. E. LEvENToN, M. P. FRIED, V. M. MOHARIR, W. BIRKFELLNER, R. HANEL, W. E. LORENSEN, R. KIKINIS, and F. A. JOLESZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 13 Tracheobronchial Tree L. SALVOLINI and E. BICHI SECCHI 135 14 Aorta C. BARTOLOZZI, E. NERI, I. BARGELLINI, and C. GIANNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 x Contents 15 Peripheral Vessels C. CATALANO, F. FRAIOLI, A. NAPOLI, F. PEDICONI, M. DANTI, A. LAG HI, and R. PASSARIELLO..................................................... 161 16 Esophagus and Stomach A. LAGHI, V. PANEBIANCO, I. BAELI, R. IANNACCONE, F. IAFRATE, and R. PASSARIELLO..................................................... 173 17 CT Colonography D. BRENNAN, J. BRUZZI, and H. M. FENLON ................................. 183 18 Virtual Dissection of the Colon E. SORANTIN, E. BALOGH, A. VILANOVA BART ROLl, K. PALAGYI, 1. G. NYUL, S. LONCARIC, M. SUBASIC, and D. KOVACEVIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 19 Liver R. LENCIONI, 1. CROCETTI, and E. NERI .................................... 211 20 Biliary Tract P. BORASCHI, S. LODOVIGI, G. CAMPORI, R. GIGONI, and E. NERI .............. 223 21 Upper Urinary Tract E. NERI, P. BORASCHI, S. LODOVIGI, and G. CAMPORI ........................ 233 22 Lower Urinary Tract A. G. SCHREYER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 239 23 Musculoskeletal System A. COTTEN, S. IOCHUM, and A. BLUM MOYSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247 Special Topics ............................................................. 257 24 Analysis of Functional Images A. JACKSON and N. A. THACKER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 259 25 Basis and Principles of Virtual Reality in Medical Imaging N. W. JOHN ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279 26 Head and Hand Tracking Devices in Virtual Reality E. GOB BETTI, R. SCATENI, and G. ZANETTI ................................. 287 27 Computer-Aided Surgery in Otolaryngology S. SELLARI FRANCESCHINI, S. BERRETTINI, and R. J. BALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 293 28 Computer-Aided Brain Surgery: Present and Future W. L. NOWINSKI ........................................................ 299 29 Computer-Aided Surgery in Orthopaedics M. MARCACCI, P. F. LA PALOMBARA, 1. NOFRINI, and A. MALVISTI 311 Subject Index .............................................................. 321 List of Acronyms ........................................................... 329 List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 331 Technique 1 US Image Acquisition RICCARDO LENCIONI, MARZIO PERRI, DANIA CIONI CONTENTS Kretztechnik group, in order to achieve 3D images, developed a cylindrical-shaped transducer incorpo 1.1 Introduction 3 rating 25 elements mounted on a drum. This equip 1.2 Data Acquisition 3 ment performed a volume scan consisting of25 paral 1.2.1 Mechanical Scanning Systems 4 lel slices. The next step consisted of a more convenient 1.2.2 Tracked Freehand Systems 5 end-fire transducer producing a fan scan. However, at 1.2.3 Untracked Freehand Systems 6 1.2.4 2D Transducer Arrays 6 that time the display and storage technology was not 1.3 Data Processing and Reconstruction 7 suitable for 3D ultrasound imaging. In 1989 in Paris, 1.3.1 3D Surface Model 7 at the French Congress of Radiology, Kretztechnik 1.3.2 Voxel-Based Volume Model 7 presented the first commercially available ultrasound 1.4 Data Visualization 8 1.4.1 Surface Rendering 8 system featuring the 3D Voluson technique. It is only 1.4.2 Multiplanar Reconstruction 8 in the last few years that computer technology and 1.4.3 Volume Rendering 8 visualization techniques have progressed sufficiently References 9 to make 3D ultrasound viable. Nowadays, 3D ultra sound imaging methods allow the presentation, in few seconds, of the entire volume in a single image 1.1 (BRANDAL et al. 1999). The success of 3D ultrasound Introduction will depend on providing performance that equals or exceeds that of two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonogra Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography, even phy, including real-time capability and interactivity. though it has recently been gaining great popular In this chapter, we review the various approaches ity, is a relative new tool compared with 3D recon that investigators have pursued in the development structions obtained by CT and MR imaging. Ultraso of 3D ultrasound imaging systems, with emphasis nography offers unique qualities including real-time on the three steps into which, at present, the process imaging, physiological measurements, use of non of making 3D sonographic images is divided: data ionizing radiation and non-invasiveness. Sono acquisition, data processing and reconstruction, and graphic image quality has benefited from increas data visualization. ingly sophisticated computer technology: to date several systems able to generate 3D ultrasound images have been introduced. Volume sonographic imaging has sparked interest 1.2 in the academic community since the 1961. At that Data Acquisition time BAUM and GREENWOOD obtained serial parallel ultrasound images of the human orbit and created a Various techniques have been described for acquir 3D display by stacking sequential photographic plates ing a sequence of sonograms and reconstructing with the ultrasound images (BAUM and GREENWOOD them into a final 3D result. Acquiring the sequence is 1961). During the early 1970s industry also became the critical step in the process for two main reasons. interested in 3D ultrasound imaging: in 1974 the First, because the sequence of acquired tomographic images will be assembled into a 3D image, the acqui sition geometry must be known exactly to avoid dis R. LENCIONI, MD, M. PERRI, MD, D. CIONI, MD tortions, and the images must be acquired rapidly Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of to avoid patient motion. Second, the mechanism that Oncology, Transplants, and Advanced Technologies in Medi cine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy manipulates the transducer or localizes its position D. Caramella et al. (eds.), 3D Image Processing © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002
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