3D Game Programming All In One

849 Pages·2003·17.08 MB·English

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Team LRN

3D
Game Programming
All in One

Kenneth C. Finney

Team LRN

SVP, Course Professional, Trade,
Reference Group:
Andy Shafran

Publisher:
Stacy L. Hiquet

Senior Marketing Manager:
Sarah O’Donnell

Marketing Manager:
Heather Hurley

Manager of Editorial Services:
Heather Talbot

Acquisitions Editor:
Mitzi Koontz

Associate Marketing Manager:
Kristin Eisenzopf

Series Editor:
André LaMothe

Developmental Editors:
Dave Astle and Kevin Hawkins

Project Editor:
Jenny Davidson

Technical Reviewers:
Michael Dawson and Les Pardew

Retail Market Coordinator:
Sarah Dubois

Copy Editor:
Laura Gabler

Interior Layout Tech:
Jill Flores

Cover Designer:
Steve Deschene

CD-ROM Producer:
Brandon Penticuff

Indexer:
Sharon Shock

Proofreaders:
Sandi Wilson and Sara Gullion

© 2004 by Premier Press, a division of Course Technology. All rights
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The Premier Press logo and related trade dress are trademarks of Premier
Press and may not be used without written permission.

UltraEdit is a registered trademark of IDM Computer Solutions, Inc.,
Paint Shop Pro 8 is a trademark of Jasc Corporation, Inc. Audacity and
QuArK 6.3 use are subject to the GNU General Public License. Chain
Reaction and Reaction Engine SDK are trademarks of Monster Studios.
UVMapper 0.25—copyright ©1998-2002 Stephen L Cox, All rights
reserved. ThinkTanks is a trademark of BraveTree Productions, LLC. Orbz
is a trademark of Mind Vision Software. Marble Blast Gold is a trademark
of GarageGames. MilkShape 3D is a trademark of chUmbaLum sOft.

All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Important: Course PTR cannot provide software support. Please contact
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ISBN: 1-59200-136-X

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This book is dedicated to my wife, Tubetti, and my two sons, Rockid
and Lincus, whose sacrifices and encouragement made it possible.

-CERDIP

Team LRN

I

would like to thank Dave Wilkes for his encouragement to do this book, and the other
guys at Wilkes Associates for just putting up with me, especially during the early days
of its creation.

I also want to thank my editors, Mitzi Koontz, Laura Gabler, Mike Dawson, Les Pardew,
Kevin Hawkins, and Dave Astle, and especially the ever-patient Jenny Davidson (she
laughs at my jokes!). A big thank you to André LaMothe for pushing the idea, and mak-
ing it happen.

Many thanks and a tip o’ the hat go to those Four Guys in a Garage: Jeff Tunnell, Rick
Overman, Mark Frohnmayer, and Tim Gift. These are the perpetrators of Torque, and the
founders of GarageGames. An amazing crew. Thanks to Desmond Fletcher for his assis-
tance (knowing and unknowing) with subjects as diverse as particles, terrain, and clouds.
Many thanks go to Melv May, Harold Brown, Anthony Rosenbaum, Phil Carlisle, Dave
Wyand, Matthew Fairfax, Pat Wilson, Ryan Parker, Simon Windmill, Kevin Ryan, Joe Mar-
uschak, Joel Baxter, Justin Mette and the 21-6 gang, and Frank Bignone, for their many
contributions to the Torque engine and its game development community. Hearty thanks
to Nick Palmer for allowing me to use his music, which appears on the CD.

I also want to thank every player who came to Tubettiworld in those halcyon DF2 days
and made it his or her virtual home. They made it a great place to play and socialize
online. I would like to list them all, but obviously I can’t. To the late John “Tufat” Tucker,
the gentleman—I salute you, !S. Then there are, in no particular order: AceTW, his evil
twin Malfunction, Strata, Spector, Roadkill, Midnight, Oz Mal, Deadbolt, Insomniac,
Checkfire, Norway, Animal, Qdad, MickyD, Buster, Major Chip Hazard, Pirate, Kotch, C2,
FF6, IRS Agent, and Kdawg—I mustn’t neglect to mention Dr. Evil and the great work he

vi

Acknowledgments

Team LRN

Acknowledgments
vii

and his gang are doing with the TXP stuff. Last, but certainly not least, Jim, The Nailer, the
epitome of the Online Game Player, and an all around great guy. I hope that everything
works out, Jim.

Along the way, there have been many others in various places that deserve some mention:
KILLER and his gang, who do what cornered rats do best—fight back. Many other game
developers can learn a thing or two about hard work from those guys. Onchas, Cowboy,
Badger, and the rest of the “Allies”—keep up the good work. Same with you “Axis” play-
ers (except that your days are numbered!). Also a hearty !S to the Playnet forum denizens
who opened a second front as soon as the war started (Teh?).

I’m sure I’ve forgotten to acknowledge someone, and I’ll probably get e-mails to that
effect, but that’s the risk one embraces.

Regards,

CERDIP

Team LRN

viii

KENNETH C. FINNEY is the Principal Software Engineer at Wilkes Associates, Inc. in the
Greater Toronto Area. He began programming in 1974 and was a recipient of the presti-
gious Conference Board of Canada ITX (Innovation in Technology Excellence) Award in
1997 for his work on InScan—a high-speed document scanning system. He was a consul-
tant to the Department of National Defence in Canada in Armoured Fighting Vehicle sys-
tems design, and is an orange-qualified Nuclear Engineer designing NDE systems and
techniques for Candu reactor stations. He is an associate professor at Seneca College at
York University in Toronto, helping technical writers learn how to survive in a software
development environment. Ken is the creator of the popular Tubettiland ‘Online Cam-
paign’ Mod and the ‘QuicknDirty’ game management tools for Novalogic’s Delta Force 2
game series. He is currently working on the new and unique Tubettiworld action/adven-
ture game (www.tubettiworld.com) using the Torque Game Engine.

About the Author

Team LRN

ANDRÉ LAMOTHE, CEO, Xtreme Games LLC, has been involved in the computing indus-
try for more than 25 years. He wrote his first game for the TRS-80 and has been hooked
ever since! His experience includes 2D/3D graphics, AI research at NASA, compiler
design, robotics, virtual reality, and telecommunications. His books are top sellers in the
game programming genre, and his experience is echoed in the Course Technology PTR
Game Development series.

About the Series Editor

Team LRN

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvi

Chapter 1
Introduction to 3D Game Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 2
Introduction to Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Chapter 3
3D Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Chapter 4
Game Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Chapter 5
Game Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

Chapter 6
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Chapter 7
Common Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

Chapter 8
Introduction to Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275

Chapter 9
Skins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Chapter 10
Creating GUI Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

Chapter 11
Structural Material Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351

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Contents at a Glance

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Chapter 12
Terrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365

Chapter 13
Introduction to Modeling with MilkShape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381

Chapter 14
Making a Character Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415

Chapter 15
Making a Vehicle Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465

Chapter 16
Making Weapons and Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479

Chapter 17
Making Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499

Chapter 18
Making the Game World Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513

Chapter 19
Creating and Programming Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539

Chapter 20
Game Sound and Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559

Chapter 21
Creating the Game Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583

Chapter 22
The Game Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .609

Chapter 23
The Game Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631

Chapter 24
The End Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659

Appendix A
The Torque Game Engine Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667

Appendix B
Game Development Resources on the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741

Appendix C
Game Development Tool Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749

Appendix D
QuArK Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773

Contents at a Glance
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvi

Chapter 1
Introduction to 3D Game Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

The Computer Game Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
3D Game Genres and Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Game Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Game Developer Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Publishing Your Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Elements of a 3D Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Game Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Graphical User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Support Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
The Torque Game Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Using Torque in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Moving Right Along . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

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Chapter 2
Introduction to Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

UltraEdit-32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Program Setup and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Setting Up Projects and Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Search and Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Find in Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
grep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Bookmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
UltraEdit Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Controlling Computers with Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
How to Create and Run the Example Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Hello World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Conditional Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Debugging and Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Moving Right Along . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Chapter 3
3D Programming Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

3D Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
3D Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
3D Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Displaying 3D Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Scene Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
3D Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
3D Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Programmed Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Programmed Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Contents
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Team LRN

Programmed Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Programmed Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
3D Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Moving Right Along . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Chapter 4
Game Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Torque Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
DataBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Game Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Server versus Client Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Common Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Root Main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Control Main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Running Emaga4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Moving Right Along . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Chapter 5
Game Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

The Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Control Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
control/main.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Client Control Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
control/client/client.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
control/client/interfaces/menuscreen.gui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
control/client/interfaces/playerinterface.gui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
control/client/interfaces/splashscreen.gui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
control/client/misc/screens.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
control/client/misc/presetkeys.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
Server Control Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
control/server/server.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
control/server/players/player.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Contents
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Team LRN