2003 CAPANS - Physical Activity Technical Report - Be Active WA

155 Pages·2005·5.14 MB·English

Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
RESULTS OF WESTERN AUSTRALIAN
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND
NUTRITION SURVEY
2003
(CAPANS)

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
TECHNICAL REPORT

1
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report is the joint project of the Premier’s Physical Activity Taskforce (PATF) and the
Department of Health, Western Australia. The survey was undertaken during September –
December 2003 under contract to The University of Notre Dame Australia.

University of Notre Dame Australia:
Research Team - Dr Beth Hands (Project Director), Professor Helen Parker, Colleen Glasson,
Sally Brinkman and Helen Read.

Project Officers - Bailey Bosch and Jessica Rose.

Report Writer - Paola Chivers

Field Team - Dragina Basanovic, Carine Bishop, Darcy Bosch, Kezia Bosch, Susan Bosch,
Saul Bosch, Lucy Chaffer, Laura Davies, Beverley de Salis, Fiona Flood, Tracy Fuhrmann,
Rolanda Geneff, Alina Griffiths, Shana Jamieson, Dianne Lunt, Shona MacLeod, Leigh Marian,
Renee Myles, Sarah Priest, Emma Spillman, Vanessa Stansbie, Glenda Trevaskis, Danielle
Waring, Rachael Wood, and Melinda Wright.

Data Entry - Susan Bosch, Erica Chisholm, Rob Duffield, Holly Hands, Kim Hands,
Melanie McNeill and Helen Ostrick.

Food Coders - Dragina Basanovic and Laura Davies.

CAPANS Research Sub Group:
Evaluation and Monitoring Working Group - Dr Fiona Bull, Associate Professor Billie Giles-
Corti, Trevor Shilton and Dr. Jo Clarkson

Nutrition Reference Group - Margaret Miller, Professor Colin Binns, Dr. Deborah Kerr, Dr
Janine Barkess, and Christina Pollard.

PATF Secretariat:
Project Manager - Jennifer Riatti, Premier’s Physical Activity Taskforce Secretariat

Funding Provided by - Healthway and The Department of Health

Pilot Schools - Ashburton Drive Primary School, Clarkson Primary School, West Greenwood
Primary School, Carine SHS and Halls Head SHS.

Suggested Citation

Hands, B., Parker, H., Glasson, C., Brinkman, S. & Read, H. (2004). Results of Western
Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS).
Physical Activity Technical Report

Any enquiries regarding this publication should be directed to Premier’s Physical Activity
Taskforce Secretariat, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Subiaco, Western Australia,
6008.

© Government of Western Australia

There is no objection to this publication being copied in whole or in part, provided there is due
acknowledgement of any material quoted from the publication.

ISBN: 0 7307 0232 4

This report is available at: http:// www.patf.dpc.wa.gov.au

Published by the Western Australian Government
2
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2
CONTENTS 3
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF FIGURES 10
FOREWORD 12
KEY FINDINGS 13
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 16
1. INTRODUCTION 19
1.1 The Importance of Physical Activity 19
1.1.1 Children’s Participation in Physical Activity 20
1.1.2 Measurement of Physical Activity 20
1.1.3 Pedometers 20
1.2 The Importance of Nutrition 21
1.3 The Interrelationship between Physical Activity and Nutrition 21
1.4 Children’s Physiques 22
2. RESEARCH METHODS 23
2.1 Sampling Framework 23
2.1.1 Selection of Schools 23
Recruitment of Schools 23
School Response Rates 24
2.1.2 Recruitment of Participants 24
Parent Consent 24
Participant Response Rates 24
2.1.3 Ethics Approval 25
2.1.4 Timing of Data Collection 25
2.2 General Procedures 25
2.2.1 School Visit One 25
Session 1: Physical Activity Questionnaire, Pedometer and
Pedometer Diaries 25
Session 2: Food Record and Food Frequency Questionnaire 25
2.2.2 School Visit Two 26
2.2.3 School Visit Three 26
2.3 Pilot Tests 26
2.3.1 Test protocol and Survey tools 26
2.3.2 Reliability of Year 3 Physical Activity Questionnaire 26
2.4 Limitations of Study 27
2.5 Physical Activity Procedures 27
2.5.1 Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) 27
Limitations 27
Treatment of Data 28
2.5.2 Pedometers and Pedometer Diary 29
Limitations 29
Treatment of Data 30
2.6 Anthropometric Procedures 30
2.6.1 Height 30
Treatment of Data 31
2.6.2 Weight 31
3
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
Treatment of Data 31
2.6.3 Waist girth 31
Treatment of Data 31
2.6.4 Body Mass Index 32
2.7 Analysis of Data 32
Age 32
Region 32
3. SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHICS 33
4. PARTICIPATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES 34
4.1 Physical Activity Levels 34
4.2 School based Activity 39
PE and Sport 39
Recess and Lunch 40
4.3 Non- School based Activity 41
4.4 Sport, Exercise and Dance 42
Prevalence 43
Frequency and Duration 46
4.5 Active Play 47
Prevalence 50
Frequency and Duration 50
4.6 Moderate and Vigorous Intensity Activities 51
4.7 Household Chores 52
Prevalence 52
Frequency and Duration 53
4.8 Active Transport 54
4.9 Physical Inactivity 59
4.9.1 No Reported Activity 59
4.9.2 Sedentary Activities 62
5. PEDOMETER STUDY 71
5.1 High and Low Activity Levels 75
5.1.1 Participation in physical activity 76
5.2 Time Spent in Moderate and/or Vigorous Intensity Activity 77
6. MULTI-VARIATE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS 78
6.1 Pedometer Counts by Age and Gender 78
6.2 Predictors of Physical Activity 80
Males 80
Females 81
6.3 Sedentary activities 81
Year 3 Males 81
Year 3 Females 81
Year 5-11 Males 82
Year 5-11 Females. 82
7. ATTITUDES TOWARDS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 82
7.1 Motivations 83
7.1.1 Total sample 83
7.1.2 High and Low Activity Levels. 86
7.1.3 Weight Categories 86
7.2 Barriers to Participation in Physical Activity 91
7.2.1 Total Sample 91
7.2.2 High and Low Activity Levels 96
7.2.3 Weight Categories 97

4
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
8. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES 101
8.1 Height 101
8.2 Weight 104
8.3 Waist Girth 106
8.3.1 Waist Girth - Iliac Crest measure 106
8.3.2 Waist Girth - Umbilicus measure 107
9. BODY MASS INDEX 110
9.1 Physical Activity Levels 112

GLOSSARY 113
ABBREVIATIONS 115
REFERENCES 116
APPENDICES 121
APPENDIX A School and Participant Information
APPENDIX B Physical Activity Questionnaires
APPENDIX C Pedometer Instructions and Diary
APPENDIX D Codes for Physical Activities
APPENDIX E Weight Category Cut-points
APPENDIX F Recommendations for Future Surveys

5
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Demographic Profile of Respondents..........................................................33
Table 2 Percentage of Students who Reported an Abnormal Week........................34
Table 3 Participation in School Based Activities for Males by Age and School
Group...........................................................................................................39
Table 4 Participation in School Based Activities for Females by Age and
School Group...............................................................................................39
Table 5 Participation in Sport, Exercise and Dance Activities for Males by Age
and School Group........................................................................................44
Table 6 Participation in Sport, Exercise and Dance Activities for Females by
Age and School Group................................................................................45
Table 7 Participation in Sport, Exercise and Dance Activities by Gender,
School Group and Location (% Yes)...........................................................46
Table 8 Frequency (sessions/week) and Duration (minutes/week) of Sport,
Exercise and Dance Activities by Gender and School Group......................47
Table 9 Participation in Active Play Activities for Males by Age and School
Group...........................................................................................................48
Table 10 Participation in Active Play Activities for Females by Age and School
Group...........................................................................................................49
Table 11 Participation in Active Play by Gender, School Group and Location (%
Yes).............................................................................................................50
Table 12 Frequency (sessions/week) and Duration (minutes/week) of Active
Play by Gender and School Group..............................................................51
Table 13 Total Number of Moderate and Vigorous Intensity Activities for Males
by Age and School Group............................................................................51
Table 14 Total Number of Moderate and Vigorous Intensity Activities for
Females by Age and School Group.............................................................52
Table 15 Participation in Household Chores Activities for Males by Age and
School Group...............................................................................................52
Table 16 Participation in Household Chores Activities for Females by Age and
School Group...............................................................................................53
Table 17 Prevalence of Household Chores by Gender, School Group and
Location.......................................................................................................53
Table 18 Frequency (sessions/week) and Duration (minutes/week) of
Household Chores by Gender and School Group.......................................53
Table 19 Percentage of Students who Walked or Cycled to School by Year
Group: Summary Table...............................................................................54
Table 20 Percentage of Students who Walked or Cycled Home from School by
Year Group: Summary Table.......................................................................54
Table 21 Participation in Active Transport for Males by Age and School Group........55
Table 22 Participation in Active Transport for Females by Age and School
Group...........................................................................................................55
Table 23 Prevalence of Active Transport by Gender, School Group and
Location.......................................................................................................56
6
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
Table 24 Percentage of Males who Walked or Cycled to School On Day of
Survey..........................................................................................................56
Table 25 Percentage of Females Who Walked or Cycled to School On Day of
Survey..........................................................................................................56
Table 26 Percentage of Males Who Walked or Cycled from School the
Previous Day...............................................................................................57
Table 27 Percentage of Females Who Walked or Cycled from School the
Previous Day...............................................................................................57
Table 28 Percentage of Males Who Walked or Cycled to School During Survey
Week............................................................................................................57
Table 29 Percentage of Females Who Walked or Cycled to School During
Survey Week...............................................................................................58
Table 30 Percentage of Males Who Walked or Cycled from School During
Survey Week...............................................................................................58
Table 31 Percentage of Females Who Walked or Cycled from School During
Survey Week...............................................................................................58
Table 32 Frequency (sessions/week) and Duration (minutes/week) of Active
Transport by Gender and School Group......................................................59
Table 33 Percentage of No Reported Activities for Males by Age and School
Group...........................................................................................................60
Table 34 Percentage of No Reported Activities for Females by Age and School
Group...........................................................................................................60
Table 35 Prevalence (% ) of No Reported Activity by Gender, School Group
and Location................................................................................................61
Table 36 Percentage of Sedentary Behaviours Reported for Year 3 by Age and
Gender.........................................................................................................63
Table 37 Percentage Reporting Sedentary Behaviours for Males by Age.................64
Table 38 Percentage Reporting Sedentary Behaviours for Females by Age.............67
Table 39 Mean Daily Step Counts for Males by Age..................................................72
Table 40 Mean Daily Step Counts for Females by Age..............................................73
Table 41 Percentiles for Mean Daily Step Counts for Males by Age..........................73
Table 42 Percentiles for Mean Daily Step Counts for Females by Age......................73
Table 43 Percentage of Primary School Males or Females who Reported
‘Other’ Activity..............................................................................................74
Table 44 Tertile Groupings of Mean Daily Step Counts for Gender and School
Group...........................................................................................................75
Table 45 Mean Daily Step Counts for Each Tertile for Males by Age.........................75
Table 46 Mean Daily Step Counts for Each Tertile for Females by Age ....................75
Table 47 Mean (±sd) and Median Time Spent in Moderate and Vigorous
Intensity Activity for each Study Day...........................................................77
Table 48 Prevalence of Students Meeting 30, 45, and 60 Minutes of Daily
Moderate and Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity*.....................................78
Table 49 The Relationship Between Age and Pedometer Count for males...............79
Table 50 The Relationship Between Age and Pedometer Count for females ............79
7
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
Table 51 Predictors of Physical Activity for Males......................................................81
Table 52 Predictors of Physical Activity for Females..................................................81
Table 53 Predictors of physical activity for Year 5-11 Males including sedentary
activities.......................................................................................................82
Table 54 Predictors of physical activity for Year 5-11 females including
sedentary activities......................................................................................82
Table 55 Percentage of Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations for Males.......83
Table 56 Percentage of Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations for
Females.......................................................................................................84
Table 57 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations for Non-
metropolitan and Metropolitan Primary School Students.............................85
Table 58 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations for Non-
metropolitan and Metropolitan Secondary School Students........................85
Table 59 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations for High and
Low Active (Pedometer) Students...............................................................86
Table 60 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations according to
Weight Categories for Primary School Students.........................................89
Table 61 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Motivations according to
Weight Categories for Secondary School Students.....................................90
Table 62 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers for Males................92
Table 63 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers for Females............93
Table 64 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers for Non-
metropolitan and Metropolitan Primary School Students.............................94
Table 65 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers for Non-
metropolitan and Metropolitan Secondary School Students........................94
Table 66 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers for High Active
and Low Active (Pedometer) Students........................................................96
Table 67 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers according to
Weight Categories for Primary School Students.........................................99
Table 68 Percentage Agreement with Physical Activity Barriers according to
Weight Categories for Secondary School Students...................................100
Table 69 Sample Size for all Anthropometric Measures by Age ..............................101
Table 70 Height (cm) for Males by Age in 2003.......................................................101
Table 71 Height (cm) for Males by Age in 1985 (Pyke, 1986)..................................102
Table 72 Height (cm) for Females by Age 2003.......................................................102
Table 73 Height (cm) for Females by Age in 1985 (Pyke, 1986)..............................103
Table 74 Weight (kg) for Males by Age in 2003........................................................104
Table 75 Weight (kg) for Males by Age 1985 (Pyke, 1986)......................................104
Table 76 Weight (kg) for Females by Age in 2003...................................................105
Table 77 Weight (kg) for Females by Age 1985 (Pyke, 1986)..................................105
Table 78 Waist girth (cm) (Iliac Crest) for Males by Age..........................................106
Table 79 Waist girth (cm) (Iliac Crest) of Females by Age.......................................107
Table 80 Waist girth (cm) (umbilicus) for Males by age 2003..................................108
8
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
Table 81 Waist girth (cm) (umbilicus) for Males by age 1985 (Pyke, 1986).............108
Table 82 Waist girth (cm) (umbilicus) for Females by age 2003.............................109
Table 83 Waist girth (cm) (umbilicus) for Females by age 1985 (Pyke, 1986).......109
Table 84 BMI Percentiles for Males by Age..............................................................110
Table 85 BMI Percentiles for Females by Age.........................................................111
Table 86 Percentage of Males Categorised as Acceptable Weight, Overweight
or Obese 2003...........................................................................................111
Table 87 Percentage of Females Categorised as Acceptable Weight,
Overweight or Obese 2003........................................................................111

9
Results of Western Australian Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey 2003 (CAPANS)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Prevalence of physical activities in primary school males.........................35
Figure 2. Prevalence of physical activities in primary school females......................36
Figure 3. Prevalence of physical activities in secondary school males....................37
Figure 4. Prevalence of physical activities in secondary school females.................38
Figure 5. Occasions “very active” during physical education classes.......................40
Figure 6. Activity intensity during recess..................................................................40
Figure 7. Activity intensity during lunch....................................................................41
Figure 8. Number of times participated in physical activity right after school in
last seven days..........................................................................................41
Figure 9. Number of times participated in physical activity in the evening in last
seven days................................................................................................42
Figure 10. Number of times participated in physical activity in previous weekend.....42
Figure 11. Mean total of all moderate and vigorous intensity activities......................52
Figure 12. Percentage of students who did not participate in an activity category,
by gender and school group......................................................................59
Figure 13. Percentage of year 3 students reporting ‘quite a bit’ or ‘a lot’ of
sedentary activities....................................................................................62
Figure 14. Mean hours per week for sedentary activities by gender and school
group.........................................................................................................70
Figure 15. Hours per week for all sedentary activities by gender...............................71
Figure 16. Mean daily step counts by age and gender...............................................72
Figure17. Mean daily step counts for demographic variables...................................74
Figure 18. Participation in different activity groupings for the high and how active
groups for primary students.......................................................................76
Figure 19. Participation in different activity groupings for the high and how active
groups for secondary students..................................................................76
Figure 20: Relationship between age and pedometer count......................................79
Figure 21. Percent agreement with physical activity motivations for males
according to school group and weight category........................................87
Figure 22. Percent agreement with physical activity motivations for females
according to school group and weight category........................................88
Figure 23. Percentage agreement with physical activity barriers for primary
school students.........................................................................................95
Figure 24. Percentage agreement with physical activity barriers for secondary
school students.........................................................................................95
Figure 25. Percentage of agreement with physical activity barriers for primary
school students, by gender and weight category......................................97
10