050 Meteorology (JAA ATPL theory)

700 Pages·2001·29.58 MB·English

050 METEOROLOGY
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
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EDITION 2.00.00 2001
This is the second edition of this manual, and incorporates all amendments to previous editions, in
whatever form they were issued, prior to July 1999.
EDITION 2.00.00 © 1999,2000,2001 G LONGHURST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Atmosphere
Stability
Wind
Standing Waves
Thermal Winds and Jet Streams
Cloud and Precipitation
Thunderstorms
Windshear
Icing
Visibility
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Air Mass Theory
Depressions and Fronts
Anticyclones and Cols
Stratospheric Meteorology
Meteorological Observations
Meteorology Services for Aviation
Flight Briefing Charts
Low and Medium Level Charts
Upper Wind and Temperature Charts
Upper Air Charts
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Altimeter Related Problems
World Climatology
The North Atlantic
Europe
The Mediterranean
The Gulf
Monsoons
The Indian Sub-Continent
The Far East
Australasia
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
East Africa
West Africa
The Tropical Atlantic
South America
The Pacific Ocean
Tropical Revolving Storms
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050 Meteorology
The Atmosphere
Structure of the Atmosphere
The Standard Atmospheres
Heating of the Atmosphere
Heating Processes
Pressure
Air Density
Moisture and the Atmosphere
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The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
1
Structure of the Atmosphere
1. The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air, the atmosphere. All weather occurs within the
atmosphere, and meteorology is the study of this weather.
2. The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of gases, principally nitrogen (78%) and oxygen
(21%). The remaining 1° is made up of argon, carbon dioxide, and traces of several other gases.
These proportions remain fairly constant up to about 60km above the earth except for minor
changes in ozone and some other gases due to photochemical reaction in the stratosphere. Above
70km, gravitational separation causes the composition to vary with height. Water is present in the
atmosphere, in either vapour, liquid or solid form. Particles of dust, smoke and other impurities are
also held in suspension in the air.
3. The atmosphere may be conveniently sub-divided into the layers shown at Figure 1-1. It is the
troposphere which is of special interest, since it contains the vast majority of weather.
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