Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts in Wind Turbine Engineering, Second Edition PDF
Preview Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts in Wind Turbine Engineering, Second Edition
WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY F C W t e undamental onCepts oF ind urbine ngineering s e eCond dition (by permission of the Western Reserve Historical Association, Cleveland, Ohio) Frontispiece. The historic Brush wind turbine generator, which operated from 1888 to 1908 in Cleveland, Ohio, was the world’s first wind power plant. It powered the residence and laboratory of Charles F. Brush, an inventor and manufacturer of electrical equipment. Dr. Brush successfully integrat ed the highlydeveloped technology of 19thcentury windmills with the emerging technologies of elec tric power and feedback controls. (Specifications: rotor diameter = 17 m; rated power = 12 kW DC; tower height = 18.3 m; tail vane area = 112m2; yaw control by tower rotation; side vane for automatic horizontal furling in high winds.) WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY F C W t e undamental onCepts oF ind urbine ngineering s e eCond dition Editor D A. S , p .D. aviD pera h © 2009 by ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org) ISBN: 9780791802601 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or dis tributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. INForMATIoN CoNTAINED IN ThIS Work hAS BEEN oBTAINED BY ThE AMErICAN SoCIETY oF MEChANICAl ENgINEErS FroM SoUrCES BElIEvED To BE rElIABlE. hoWEvEr, NEIThEr ASME Nor ITS AUThorS or EDITorS gUArANTEE ThE ACCUrACY or CoMPlETENESS oF ANY INForMATIoN PUBlIShED IN ThIS Work. NEIThEr ASME Nor ITS AUThorS AND EDITorS ShAll BE rESPoNSIBlE For ANY ErrorS, oMISSIoNS, or DAMAgES ArIS INg oUT oF ThE USE oF ThIS INForMATIoN. ThE Work IS PUBlIShED WITh ThE UNDErSTANDINg ThAT ASME AND ITS AUThorS AND EDITorS ArE SUP PlYINg INForMATIoN BUT ArE NoT ATTEMPTINg To rENDEr ENgINEErINg or oThEr ProFESSIoNAl SErvICES. IF SUCh ENgINEErINg or ProFESSIoN Al SErvICES ArE rEqUIrED, ThE ASSISTANCE oF AN APProPrIATE ProFES SIoNAl ShoUlD BE SoUghT. ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those circum stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 9787508400, www.copyright.com. The library of Congress has cataloged the first edition as follows: library of Congress CataloginginPublication Number 9411137 “We are Newtonians, fervent and devout, when we speak of forces and masses, of action and reaction; ….and when we stretch out an arm and feel the force of gravity all around, pulling earthward. Newton’s laws are our laws. What Newton learned remains the essence of what we know, as if by our own intuition.” James gleick, 2003, Issac Newton, Pantheon Books, New York First Edition Acknowledgments There were many contributors to the different phases of this book, and the editor would like to acknowledge and thank all those listed below. First are the sponsors of the work and the project board, without whom this book would not have been possible. The backbone of a project such as this is, of course, its writers (who are listed on page iii) as well as the technical reviewers who kept a quality check on the timeliness and accuracy of the information included. The editor would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the graphics designers for their diligence and technical knowhow. Wind Turbine Technology Primary Sponsor U.S. Department of Energy, office of renewable Technologies Co-Sponsors National Aeronautics and Space Administration, lewis research Center National renewable Energy laboratory, Midwest research Institute American Society of Mechanical Engineers Project Board Daniel F. Ancona, Chairman, U.S. Department of Energy Darrell F. Baldwin and Marvin h. hirschberg, NASA Lewis Research Center linda Brown, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Editorial Review Committee A. Craig hansen, Ph.D., University of Utah, Principal Technical reviewer Amir Mikhail, Ph.D., Zond Systems, Inc., Principal Technical reviewer Dale E. Berg, Ph.D., Sandia National Laboratories Darrell M. Dodge, National Renewable Energy Laboratory William r. Johnson, NASA Lewis Research Center Erik Nelson, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Paula Pitchford, National Renewable Energy Laboratory James l. Tangler, Ph.D., National Renewable Energy Laboratory r. J. Templin, National Research Council of Canada larry Wendell, Ph.D., Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory Graphics Designers Caren J. McMillen, Managing Artist Evie Frenchik Mary Jane Barlak Sverdrup Technologies, Inc. Preface to the First Edition Wind Turbine Technology is designed to be both a text book and a reference volume for all those interested in the field of wind energy and in modern wind turbines. This book is written for educators and students as well as for practicing engineers, designers, meteorologists, researchers, utility project managers and planners, wind power plant developers, and manufacturers of wind turbine equipment. Its objective is to document the significant technical advances in wind power engineering that have taken place during the past 20 years, and to do so in a format that emphasizes fundamental principles. Expert authors in the fields of aerodynamics, structural dynamics and fatigue, wind characteristics, acoustic and electromagnetic emissions, commercial wind power applica tions, and utility power systems have contributed to this book. They have drawn from many published papers in their specialities and from their own research and experience to inform readers of the lessons they have learned about wind turbines. Even the historical chapters in this book, which deal in depth with the origin and development of windmills and the evolution of modern wind turbines, emphasize the common theme of the book: What technical choices have been made by inventors, designers, and builders of wind machines, and what lessons can we learn from those choices? Where possible, mathematical models are developed from basic principles, and many numerical examples and case studies are described. Some chapters are applicationoriented, with numerous sketches and descriptions of past and present wind turbine configurations, discussions of economic and environmental considerations, and the integration of wind power plants into electric utility systems. references and bibliographies guide the reader to additional information in the literature. Wind Turbine Technology follows in the tradition of Putnam’s Power From The Wind and golding’s The Generation of Electricity by Wind Power in its treatment of modern wind turbines as complete engineering systems. It is an authoritative survey of the wind energy field, including design concepts and philosophies, research and demonstration projects, technical analysis and mathematical models, and application economics and integration. An important aspect of this book is that the various chapters have been unified by common terminology, nomenclature, and graphic styles as well as significant amounts of cross referencing. This is done so that the reader may have as integrated a view as possible of wind power engineering, while benefitting from the personal experiences of a variety of experts in the field. David A. Spera, Ph.D. Editor 1994 Second Edition Acknowledgements Updating of the first edition of Wind Turbine Technology is possible only with the timely contributions from expert authors and the professional management by the staff at ASME Press. The editor would like to give special thanks to Ms. Tara Smith at ASME Press, who managed this book project so well; to Dr. robert W. Thresher, recently Director of the Wind Technology Center at the National renewable Energy laboratory, who organized extensive research and writing efforts; to Dr. larry A. viterna at the NASAglenn research Center, for his many contacts with wind turbine manufacturers that helped make this book relevant to today’s wind industry; and to Ms. Tami Sandberg, NrEl librarian, who researched and compiled the long bibliographies so valuable to our readers. Finally, many thanks are extended to all the wind turbine manufacturers who supplied photographs for our new gallery of color pictures that convey not only the technical sophis tication, strength, and power of their products, but also the grace and beauty of modern wind turbines. Preface to the Second Edition The wind energy industry has experienced rapid growth since the first edition of Wind Turbine Technology was published in 1994. According to the American Wind Energy As sociation (AWEA), wind power generating capacity in the U.S. is projected to be approxi mately 25,000 megawatts (MW) in 2008, an 11fold increase over the nation’s 2,000 MW capacity in 1995. Wind power projects accounted for over 30 percent of all new power generating capacity added in the U.S. in 2007. During this period of exponential growth, Wind Turbine Technology has served as a reliable text book, reference volume, and guide to the everincreasing numbers of persons in the U.S. and abroad who are contributing to the design and development of modern wind turbines and wind power stations. Many wind turbine technology projects have also been completed successfully in the past decade, in parallel with the growth of the wind power industry. New technology has emerged from these, based on lessons learned in the field. During the past few years it became clear to the American Society of Mechanical En gineers and ASME Press, publishers of Wind Turbine Technology, that the release of an updated edition of the book at this time was very desirable. original authors and potential new authors were contacted, and many agreed to participate in the project. The result of their work is Wind Turbine Technology, Second Edition. Because the format of the first edition emphasized fundamental principles, it was pos sible to preserve almost all of the first edition and add the updated material to it. As a result, none of the basic theoretical contributions by expert authors in the first edition has been lost. New material has been integrated into the existing chapters, preserving the common termi nology and nomenclature that are important characteristics of the first edition. David A. Spera, Ph.D. Editor 2009
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