Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools

226 Pages·2009·11.53 MB·English

by  Mary T. Nett

1
0
0
w
acs.org 9-1028.f
bs.00
u2
5, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk- TuArfs sGesrsamsse:n Pt easntidc iPdree Edxicptoivseu re
e 29 | Modeling Tools
n0
u0
on J0, 2
4.136 mber 2
163.3Dece
89.b):
by We
oaded Date (
nln
wo
Docati
bli
u
P

In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
1
0
0
w
acs.org 9-1028.f
bs.00
u2
5, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk-
e 29 |
n0
u0
on J0, 2
4.136 mber 2
163.3Dece
89.b):
by We
oaded Date (
nln
wo
Docati
bli
u
P

In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
1028
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure
Assessment and Predictive
1
0
0 Modeling Tools
w
acs.org 9-1028.f
bs.00
u2
5, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk- JamMWeaasrt eNyr Q.T Cu.a alNitryel Cettto,on Esnud,l tiiEntogd ri tor
e 29 |
n0 US EPA Office of Water
u0
on J0, 2
4.136 mber 2 Joseph H. Massey, Editor
by 89.163.3Web): Dece Mississippi State University
oaded Date (
nln
wo
Docati
bli
u
P

Sponsored by the
ACS Division of Agrochemicals

American Chemical Society, Washington DC

In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Turf grass : pesticide exposure assessment and predictive modeling tools / Mary
T. Nett, editor ; James N. Carleton, editor ; Joseph H. Massey, editor ; sponsored
by the ACS Division of Agrochemicals.
p. cm. -- (ACS symposium series ; 1028)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8412-7421-1 (alk. paper)
1. Pesticides--Environmental aspects--Congresses. 2. Turfgrasses--
Environmental aspects--Congresses. 3. Runoff--Environmental aspects--
Congresses. 4. Runoff--Simulation methods--Congresses. 5. Water--Pollution--
Congresses. I. Nett, Mary T., 1952- II. Carleton, James N. III. Massey, Joseph
H. IV. American Chemical Society. Division of Agrochemicals.
1 TD427.P35T87 2009
0
0
w 635.9'642995042--dc22
acs.org 9-1028.f 2009044955
bs.00
u2
5, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk-
e 29 | The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
n0 American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
u0
4.136 on Jmber 20, 2 f Coor pPyrriingthetd ©Li b2r0a0r9y AMmateerriicaalns, CAhNemSIi cZa3l 9S.4o8cine1ty9 84.
163.3Dece Distributed by Oxford University Press
89.b):
by We All Rights Reserved. Reprographic copying beyond that permitted by Sections
oaded Date ( 1tCh0lae7ta oraar n p1ce0er8 -c Cohfea npthtteeerr , U feI.Sne c. o.C,f o2$p24y20r i.g2Rh5ot psAeluwcsto i$os0d a. 7llD5o rwpiveeedr, fpoDarga ienn vtieesr rnsp,aa li Mdu sAteo ot0hn1ely9 ,2C 3po,rp oyUvriiSdgAehdt.
nln
wo Republication or reproduction for sale of pages in this book is permitted only
Docati under license from ACS. Direct these and other permission requests to ACS
bli Copyright Office, Publications Division, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington,
Pu DC 20036.

The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is
not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial
products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to
any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a
license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or
any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any
patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto.
Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without
specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Foreword
The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a
mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of the
series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS
sponsored symposia based on current scientific research. Occasionally, books
are developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is
1
0
0 of keen interest to the chemistry audience.
w
bs.acs.org 009-1028.f revie Bw eefdo refo ra garpeperionpgr iatote paunbdl ischo map rbeohoekn,s ivthee copvroerpaogsee da ntda bfloer oinf tecroenstt etnot s thies
5, 2012 | http://pudoi: 10.1021/bk-2 aaiffnioduntrddramoeile ddanatu .ccc ectto.oe prSytaop cnmrhoceave p ipdotaeerpr ser recasjor ememc tapaiyodre ndbh,ee ed ane.n sx idDcv leurmnadfeaetsnsds u .ot so fc rbcWiephttahtsepe rtna ef rroesc auapprsrpe ert phopaeper rebeirado-t oreeik,nv ; ioecowtavhmeeerdrevs r ipamer-wiraoe yra dbotoyer
e 29 |
n0
u0 As a rule, only original research papers and original review papers are
on J0, 2 included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previous published papers
4.136 mber 2 are not accepted.
163.3Dece
89.b): ACS Books Department
by We
oaded Date (
nln
wo
Docati
bli
u
P

In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Preface
The majority of Americans reside in urban or suburban settings where
well-maintained turf grass provides numerous aesthetic, safety and ecological
benefits. By one estimate, up to 90% of Americans may come into some contact
with grass on a given day. This contact could be in the form of school children
playing kickball during recess, an office worker walking to lunch with
1
0
0 colleagues, a golfer practicing at the local driving range, a soccer team kneeling
pr
g 8. for a pre-game pep talk from their coach or a home-owner puttering about the
s.or102 lawn on a relaxing weekend. As current turf management practices frequently
http://pubs.ac021/bk-2009- inhnuevemodal vnteo h techIanoel n tauhtdis nrediu isotokifuos snpwl eythso tii icmcphio dpmlerlousa vtyaie onb ndeo uaoprnto hdsaee brdd ir lcbiirntyoyk p tiht nopeg rs oaewts ecsacoettesmisro pnitos hscueuhn eedesmsn,. vi t cihraeolrsne,m taherenert eac loe nxancisedtrs/no asr
12 | 10.1 surrounding the widespread population declines observed for amphibians, insect
5, 20doi: pollinators, and endangered species such as salmon. Results from the United
e 29 | States Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment program
n0
u0 (USGA-NWQA) indicate that pesticides were detected in urban settings at
J2
136 on ber 20, cagornicceunltturaratilo nasre assi.m iPlaers titcoi,d ebs uut segdr eoante rt urofv egrraalsls farreeq ubeenincgie sd ettehcatne,d tihno suer bainn
4.m surface and ground waters; the verdict is still out on the role that this category of
3e
163.Dec pesticide use may play, if any, in regional environmental impacts and declines.
89.b): Regardless, the need for improved procedures and models to assess potential
by We ecological exposure from pesticides remains high.
ed e ( This book, Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling
oadDat Tools: Turf Grass, is based on a symposium held at the 230th National Meeting
nln
wo of the American Chemical Society in Washington, DC. It presents advances
Docati made in techniques used for measuring, modeling and assessing the human and
bli
u ecological effects of pesticides applied to turf grass. The book chapters are
P
ordered in three sections: the first presents exposure assessments; the second,
field studies; and the third, probabilistic modeling methodologies.

ix
In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
Chapter 1
Research on the Fate of Pesticides Applied to
Turfgrass: A Perspective by a Scientist,
Administrator and Emeritus
1
0
0
g 8.ch Al Smith1, 2
s.or102
ac9- 1Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA
ubs.200 2Current Address: 1010 Whatley’s Mill Lane, Greensboro, GA
5, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk- During the final two decades of the last century, there
e 29 | appeared to be an increasing concern for the potential
n0
u0 movement of chemicals from intensively managed turfgrass.
J2
4.136 on mber 20, Fprerusonegdarirancmgh sp wroopegprreoa rmitnu icntioiatntieeddsu catcaerpdop saesta rtthhedee UUannniivtdee dr snSiuttyam toeefsr .oG uReso ersgrueilasts ef arorofcm ha
163.3Dece 1992-1997 indicated that very small fractions of certain
89.b): pesticides were transported through lysimeters containing the
by We soil mixture recommended by the United States Golf
ed e ( Association for turfgrass maintained as golf course greens.
oadDat Additionally, small quantities of certain pesticides were
nln
wo transported in surface runoff from treated mini-plots
Docati simulating golf course fairways and home lawns. It was
ubli concluded that certain pesticides could be applied to turfgrass
P
with minimal risk. Other research programs, conducted
during the 1990's, obtained similar results and reached similar
conclusions. Did these publicized conclusions result in apathy
toward risk assessment research on turfgrass management? It
appears that the importance of risk assessment studies on
turfgrass management strategies has lessened during recent
past. Special funding (eg. grants and gifts) has been reduced
considerably over the past five years. Additionally, reduced
state and federal budgets have impacted the formula funding at
Land Grant Universities (LGU’s). Currently in LGU’s, use of
formula funding for this research suffers compared to other
disciplines (eg. genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics).
The clientele of these Universities demand research programs
© 2009 American Chemical Society 1
In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
2
for improved production and profitability. Administrators of
LGU’s are faced with tough decisions. The lack of funding
sources, the absence of a clientele support, and the apparent
apathy toward the data by regulatory agencies create a
dilemma for the administrators of LGU’s when it comes to
utilizing their limited funding for risk assessment programs.
Risk assessment/management research programs need:
organizations (eg. regulatory agencies) that command their
data; a clientele base that depends on the data for the profit
margin; and funding agencies.
01
0
h
g 8.c
s.or102
ac9- Introduction
bs.00
u2
5, 2012 | http://pdoi: 10.1021/bk- Gohfaefsen remTsr haasldetla eyib n, iictpl rietneyraee scaniennnsdgisa ailprm yrge prstaooesr rstevaevansat cihloeua naov tfete o m b theaeceneo naesg nycevsomtineresomnindstm e.p re reTandcth atteiloc eirmbesde pu uaatcic levitdz eoe gcfde u ttolhatntuei srogaenol lpftpry rcapaocectu tiirctcsheeeassst.
e 29 | necessary to sustain a perennial crop conserve the soil, compared to the planting
un00 and maintenance of an annual crop. The extensive fibrous root system of a
J2
4.136 on mber 20, paan egnrreuanasnls iehadle rgabrraaecsaes c osouymss tpceramorep idsn. c t roFe aionstahelsel ryt h,c ery oespoapril-i-lnwogna gstey grs rtieonmufinlstd.r aTctohioven eb rre ainstee u fcistousm aolplfya t rugerrdfe gatrotae msrs fo oassrt
163.3Dece a ground cover, compared to other vegetation types are discussed by Smith (1,
89.b): 2).
by We The maintenance of a high quality sod for use as golf course greens and
ed e ( fairways requires management strategies that are not always perceived as
oadDat friendly to the environment. Strategies that include chemical inputs have
wnlon become a major concern for the press, and ultimately the populace, and these
Docati concerns have been translated into the need to develop an acceptable data base
ubli to determine the impact of certain golf course management strategies on the
P
environment. Currently, there are more than 16,000 golf courses in the United
States. Assuming the average size of 48.6 ha per course, there are nearly
800,000 ha of turfgrass in the golf course industry receiving aggressive
management strategies. Nearly 30 million U.S. golfers enjoy these courses and
recognize the need for aggressive management systems.
Assuming that 2% of a golf course is managed as putting greens, there are
16,000 ha of greens in the USA that are constructed for maximum infiltration
and percolation of water through the rooting media, terminating in a drainage
system (e.g. drainage ditch, etc.). Fairways comprise approximately 98% of golf
courses and are typically intensively managed, resulting in soil moisture content
maintained near field capacity. The fairways are developed on soils typical for
each region, and in the Piedmont region, these soils have a high clay content
allowing for low water infiltration rates. As much as 70% of a moderate
In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
3
intensity rainfall will occur as overland runoff from the sloped areas typical of
the Piedmont region (3). This water from the greens and fairways can
eventually terminate in potable water containments.

Research Basis for Perspectives
A research program was developed by faculty at the University of Georgia
(UGA) to determine the potential fate of pesticides applied to simulated golf
course greens and fairways. The objectives of the research program were to
evaluate the potential movement of pesticides and fertilizer components
following application to golf courses, and to develop Best Management
1
0 Practices to reduce the potential for analyte transport to potable water systems.
0
h
g 8.c The initial steps for evaluating the potential movement of certain pesticides were
s.or102 accomplished using pesticides registered for use on golf courses (Table I) on
ac9- simulated greens and fairways constructed at the Griffin Campus of UGA (3).
ubs.200 Simulated greens and fairways were constructed, and pesticide-analytical
e 25, 2012 | http://p9 | doi: 10.1021/bk- poAthfrsro csocoeueTrcgdthiahauei trn tieho csaeno n w nrasosepltoyrerettucie ncisdftg ieitc ohvmanreto eliooudopngifu eshm dg rg oe ooalsfrlnu fdil cmtc eooodpuuu rrrtios snteveh e reggad rprd ee(ire4dean,n i niss5n ,asf ainy6lcdst,cr t a7oefrtm)rio dot mioninn gdgtao eno ttdlsoefu r pcmrUfeoairunnccrieeotse ledtad hrft eiaaSo iimrnntwaa otogaevfeys e swamG.r aeeotanelsrft
n0 (8). At first inspection, these characteristics seemed to allow for the movement
u0
J2
4.136 on mber 20, oitnhfde l iacsraigtmee duq ltuahtaaentdt itthigeer sec eoonnfs cp eewnstteriracetii doevnses r iyan ntodlo sqwuu raf(naTctiaetbi edlser aoiIfnI a)p.ge es tiaTcrhiedeae ss.m t roHarnoesw pweovaretteerd,r otshuorrol udubaglthea
89.163.3b): Dece preessitdiceindcees ti(mege. u2n,d4e-rD ;t hed iscoadm. b aW aen dfo umndec tohparto pth) eswe epree stfiocuidneds wtoe reh adveeg rsahdoerdt
by We rapidly in the moist high-organic matter media (A. Smith, unpublished). Our
ed e ( data indicated that the half-life for 2,4-D was less than one week at temperatures
oadDat higher than 17EC (unpublished data). The pesticides with lower water
wnlon solubilities (eg. dithiopyr, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos) had higher soil
Docati sorption capacities, increasing their residence time in the rooting medium
bli (because of the sphagnum peat moss component) and allowing for degradation
u
P
even if the half-lives were longer. This concept was best demonstrated with
dithiopyr (9, 10, 11, 12).

In Turf Grass: Pesticide Exposure Assessment and Predictive Modeling Tools; Nett, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.