The Use of Forensic Anthropology, Second Edition PDF
Preview The Use of Forensic Anthropology, Second Edition
THE USE OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY SECOND EDITION THE USE OF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY SECOND EDITION ROBERT PICKERING DAVID BACHMAN Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑6877‑1 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can‑ not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy‑ right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978‑750‑8400. CCC is a not‑for‑profit organization that pro‑ vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Pickering, Robert B. The use of forensic anthropology / Robert B. Pickering and David Bachman. ‑‑ 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑6877‑1 1. Forensic anthropology. I. Bachman, David C. (David Charles) II. Title. GN69.8.P53 2009 614’.17‑‑dc22 2008033792 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com ἀ is book is dedicated to Triena Harper with whom both authors worked for many years— her service in the Jefferson County (Colorado) Coroner’s Office exemplifies the dedication, compassion, and professionalism that inspire us all. Table of Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xv The Authors xvii Contributors xix 1 Introduction 1 2 “Some Bones Have Been Found” 7 Setting the Scene 8 Scenario One 8 Scenario Two 10 Nine Key Points to Remember When Skeletal Remains Are Discovered 1 3 3 What the Forensic Anthropologist Can and Cannot Do 1 5 Finding a Forensic Anthropologist 1 5 What the Forensic Anthropologist Can Do 1 7 How to Find a Forensic Anthropologist 2 6 Establishing the Ground Rules 2 9 Letters of Agreement 3 2 The Case Report 3 5 Case Report Samples 3 6 4 Techniques for Recovering Skeletonized Human Remains 4 5 Equipment Requirements 4 5 “I Think There’s a Skeleton Buried in This Field” 4 7 “Here’s a Bone, We Have a Problem” 5 0 “Hey Doc, What’s in the Box?” 54 The Forensic Anthropologist and Recovery of Remains 5 7 Field Recovery 6 7 vii viii Table of Contents The Final Report 6 7 Things You Can Do to Make Recovery Easier 6 8 5 Ten Key Questions 7 1 Question 1: Is It Bone? 71 Question 2: Is It Human? 7 4 Question 3: Is It Modern? 7 5 Question 4: What Bones Are Present? 8 1 Question 5: Is There More Than One Person Present? 8 1 Question 6: What Is the Race, Ethnicity, or Cultural Affiliation? 8 2 Question 7: What Is the Sex? 8 4 Question 8: What Is the Age? 90 Question 9: What Is the Stature? 9 7 Question 10: What Are the Individual Characteristics of the Remains? 9 9 Summary 101 6 Assessing Ancestry (Race) from the Skeleton 103 George W. Gill What Is Race, Ethnicity, or Cultural Affiliation? 104 What Methods Are Used to Establish Ancestry/Race from Bones? 107 How Accurate Are Assessments of Ancestry/Race from Bones? 109 Conclusions 110 7 Determination of Time since Death 113 The Body 115 The Microenvironment 116 Eight Essential Environmental Categories of Information 118 8 Special Techniques: Their Value and Limitations 121 Facial Reconstruction 121 Direct Facial Reconstruction 122 Craniofacial Superimposition 128 Video Superimposition 129 Footprint Impression Analysis 129 Osteon Counting 130 Bitemark Analysis 131 ABO Blood Typing 132 Forensic Toxicology 133 Table of Contents ix 14C Dating 134 DNA Testing 134 9 An Introduction to Forensic Science and DNA 137 Heather Miller Coyle Forensics Defined 137 What Is DNA? 138 Benefits and Limitations of DNA 141 DNA Databases 141 The Future of Forensic DNA 142 References 143 10 Skeletal Trauma and Identifying Skeletal Pathology 145 Antemortem Trauma 145 Perimortem Trauma 149 Postmortem Trauma 151 Pseudotrauma 155 Pathologic Changes in Bone 159 Follow-Up Steps for Skeletal Abnormalities 167 11 Putting Your Case Together 169 Closing the Case, Closing the Book 171 Appendix: Report Forms 177 Human Remains Investigation: General Information 181 Contextual Description 182 Recovery Area 183 General Description of Remains 184 Inventory 186 Photo and Video Inventory 187 Glossary 189 Bibliography 193 Index 195
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