The Internal Solar Angular Velocity: Theory, Observations and Relationship to Solar Magnetic Fields

373 Pages·1987·51.01 MB·English

by  Ian W. Roxburgh (auth.)

THE INTERNAL SOLAR ANGULAR VELOCITY
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
A SERIES OFBOOKS ONTHERECENTDEYELOPMENTS
OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL
SPACE SCIENCE REYIEWS
Editorial Board
R.L.F. BOYD, University College, London, England
W. B. BURTON, Sterrewacht, Leiden, The Netherlands
L. GOLDBERG, Kilt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., U.S.A.
C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
J. KLECZEK, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Ondfejov, Czechoslovakia
Z. KOPAL, University of Manchester, England
R. LOST, European Space Agency, Paris, France
L.1. SEDOY, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Z. SYESTKA, Laboratory for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
VOLUME 137
PROCEEDINGS
THE INTERNAL
SOLAR ANGULAR
VELOCITY
Theory, Observations and Relationship
to Solar Magnetic Fields
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH
NATIONAL SOLAR OBSERVATORY SUMMER SYMPOSIUM,
HELD IN SUNSPOT, MEXICO, AUGUST 11-14,1986
Edited by
BERNARD R. DURNEY
National Optical Astronomy Observatories,
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
and
SABATINO SOFIA
Yale University Observatory,
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHTjBOSTONjLANCASTERjTOKYO
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data CP
National Solar Observatory (U .S.). Summer Symposium
(8th: 1986 : Sunspot, N.M.)
The internal solar angular velocity.
(Astrophysics and space science library; v. 137)
Includes index.
I. Sun-Rotation-Congresses. 2. Stars-Rotation-Congresses.
3. Sun-magnetic field-Congresses. I. Durney, Bernard. II. Sofia, Sabatino.
III. Title. IV. Title: Solar angular velocity. V. Series.
QB523.N38 1986 523.7' 3 87-9703
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8233-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3903-5
DOl: 10.1 007/978-94-009-3903-5
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland.
All Rights Reserved
© 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
INTRODU CTION
I. W. ROXBURGH/Problems of the Solar Interior
PART l/OBSERVATIONS
T. M. BROWN and C. A. MORROW/Observations of Solar P-Mode Rotational
S plittings 7
T. L. DUVALL, JR., J. W. HARVEY and M. A. POMERANTZ/Latitude and Depth
Variation of Solar Rotation 19
R. F. HOWARD/Observations of Surface Velocity Fields 23
J. TOOMRE, J. E. HART and G. A. GLATZMAIER/Spacelab experiments on
convection in a rotating spherical shell with radial gravity 27
F. HILLlThe Equatorial Rotation Rate in the Solar Convection Zone 45
J. R. KUHNlMore Evidence for a Solar La titude Dependent Limb Temper-
a ture Va ria tion 51
K. G. L1BBRECHT/Fine Structure in Solar Oscillation Spectra 59
E. J. PILGER/Chromospheric Activity in Open Clusters 63
E. J. RHODES, JR., A. CACCIANI and S. TOMCZYKlFull-disk solar
dopplergrams observed with a one mega pixel CCD camera and sodium magneto-
optical filter 69
E. J. RHODES, Jr. A. CACCIANI, M. WOODARD, S. TOMCZYK,
S. KORZENNIK, and R. K. ULRICH/Estimates of the solar internal angular
velocity obtained with the Mt. Wilson 60-foot solar tower 75
I. TUOMINEN and H. VIRTANEN/Solar Rotation Variations from Sunspot
Group Statistics 83
H. YOSHIMURAlThe Detection of Global Convection on the Sun by an
Analysis of Line Shift Da ta of the John M. Wilcox Solar Observa tory
at Stanford University 89
PART 2ITHEORY: NORMAL MODES OF OSCILLATIONS
W. UNNO and H. SAIO/Adiabatic Nonradial Oscillations of a Differentially
Rotating Star 97
D. B. GUENTHER/Inertial Oscillations and the Rotation Rate Profile
of the Sun 107
D. H. HATHAWAY/A Spherical Harmonic Decomposition Technique
for Analysing Steady Photospheric Flows 115
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 3fTHEORY: RADIATIVE ZONE
P. DEMARQUEfThe solar-stellar connection: Internal rotation in
low-mass stars 121
A. S. ENDALINumerical Studies of Solar Evolution with Rota tion and
Comparison with Stellar Rotation Data 131
L. MESTEL, R. J. TAYLER and D. L. MOSS/Magnetic fields and rotation
in late-type stars 143
E. L. SCHATZMAN/Solar Rotation and Age 159
S. SOFIAlEvolution and Internal Rotation of the Sun 173
H. C. SPRUIT/Angular Momentum Transport in the Radiative Interior
of the Sun 185
J .-P. ZAHNfTurbulent transport in the radiative zone of a rotating star 201
P. A. FOX and I. B. BERNSTEINfThe Generation of Magnetic Fields
in the Sun 213
E. KNOBLOCH and J. B. WEISS/Mass Transport by Wave Motion 221
S. R. SREENIVASAN and W. J. F. WILSON/Differential Rotation in Stars 229
PART 4fTHEORY: CONVECTIVE ZONE
B. R. DURNEY/The Generalization of Mixing Length Theory to
Rotating Convection Zones and Applications to the Sun 235
G. A. GLATZMAIER/A Review of What Numerical Simulations Tell Us
About the Internal Rota tion of the Sun 263
J. R. HERRINGlMoment closure for thermal convection: a viable
approach? 275
E. N. PARKERlMagnetic Activity Complexes, Thermal Relaxation
Oscillations, and the Dynamics of the Azimuthal
Magnetic Field of a Star 289
M. SCHUSS LERlMagnetic Fields and the Rotation of the Solar
Convection Zone 303
E. A. S PlEGELIHydrostatic Adjustment Time of the Solar
Subconvective Layer 321
M. Sl1X/Models for a Differentially Rotating Solar
Convection Zone 329
W. UNNOlBeyond the Mixing-Length Theory A Turbulent
Diffusivity Approach 343
K. L. CHAN, S. SOFIA, and H. G. MAYR/Mixing-Length, Shears, and
Differential Rotation 347
G. RUDIGER and I. TUOMINEN/Horizontal Reynolds Stress and
Radial Rotation Law of the Sun 361
SUBJECT INDEX 37l
Preface
It is clear that the discovery of solar eigenmodes and the resulting possibility of probing
the solar interior is an event of primary importance for solar physics in general and for
theories of the inner solar angular velocity in particular. While these theories are basic
for the understanding of the solar spin down, differential rotation, dynamo and activity,
they are however, extremely complex, and in all likelihood only limited further progress
could have been achieved without the guidance of observations. Until recently and in
spite of the scant observational basis the theoretical work has moved forward as the
perusal of this book shows. There cannot be any doubt, however, that the present,
rapidly expanding, worldwide observational program will lead ultimately to a vigorous
theoretical development of the field.
It appeared to the organizers that a meeting centered on theories of the inner solar
angular velocity, comprising presentations of the main research areas by the involved
scientists, would significantly foster this development since it would help to clarify the
basic ideas of the subject.
The meeting, held at the National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak, from August 11
to August 14, was the eighth in a series of summer symposia at Sacramento Peak.
The unqualified success of the meeting could not have been possible without the unlim
ited devotion of the staff at Sacramento Peak, Ray Smartt, Frank and Pat Hegwer,
Ramona Elrod in particular. We are also grateful to the members of the organizing
committee - Pierre Demarque, Tom Duvall, Bob Howard and Ray Smartt for their invalu
able assistance and organization of logistical support. Dr. Robert F. Howard, National
Solar Observatory director, kindly made partial funding and housing available at
Sacramento Peak.
Finally, special thanks are owed to NASA. Without their financial support, as part of a
grant awarded to Sacramento Peak, the meeting could not have taken place.
BERNARD DURNEY SABATINO SOFIA
vii
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
R. C. Altrock, AFGLlSacramento Peak, Sunspot, New Mexico USA
L Bernstein, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
T. M. Brown, High Altitude Obselvatory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
A. Cannon, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
F. Cattaneo, jlLA/University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
K. L. Chan, NASA/Goddard S pace Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
S. M. Chire, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India
M. Clement, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
P. Demarque, Yale University Observatory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
B. R. Dwney, NOAO/National Solar Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
T. L. DuvaD, Jr., NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, S. W. Solar Station,
National Solar Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
A. Endal Applied Research Corporation, Landover, Maryland, USA
P. Fox, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
G. A. Glatzmaier, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico,
USA
D. Gough, Institute for Astronomy, Cambridge, England
D. Guenther, Yale University Obselvatory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
D. Haber, jILAlUniversity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
J. W. HalVey, NOAO/National Solar Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
D. R Hathaway, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
J. Herring, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado. USA
F. HiD, NOAO/National Solar Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
R. F. Howald, NOAOlNational Solar Observatory, Tucson, Arizona, USA
D. Hughes, jILA/University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
R P. Jones, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, S.W. Solar Station, National
ix
x LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Solar ObservatOlY, Tucson, Arizona, USA
J. Kaufman, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
S. D. Kawaler, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
S. L. KeD, AFGLlSacramento Peak, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA
E. Knobloch, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
J. R. Kuhn, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
K. Libbrecht, Big Bear Solar Observatory, Cal Tech, Pasadena, California, USA
C. Mannolino, AFGLlSacramento Peak, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA
B. Menyfield, JILA/University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
D. F. Neidig, AFGLlSacramento Peak, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA
L. J. November, NOAOlNational Solar Obselvatory, Sacramento Peak Sunspot,
New Mexico, USA
P. L. Palle, Instituto Astrofisico de las Islas Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
E. N. Parker, Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
E. Pilger, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
M. PinonneauJp, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
B. Popp, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
R. R. Radick, AFGLlSacramento Peak, Sunspot, New Mexico, USA
E. J. Rhodes, Jr., University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
USA
E. Ribes, Observatoire de Meudon, Meudon, France
L W. Roxb"mgh, Queen Mary College, University of London, London, England
E. Schatzman, Observatoire de Nice, Nice, France
M. Schussler, Kiepenheuer lnstitut, Freiburg, West Germany
G. W. Simon, AFGLlSacramento Peak, Sunspot, New Mexico,. USA
A SkLunanich, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
R. N. Smartt, NOAOlNational Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak, Sunspot,
New Mexico, USA
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS xi
S. Sofia, Yale University Observatory, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
E. A. Spiegel Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
R Spruil, Max Planck Institut, Garching, West Germany
S. R. Sreenivasan, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
M. Stix, Kiepenheuer Institut, Freiburg, West Germany
J.1bomas, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
J. Toomre, jILAlUniversity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
L Tuominen, University of Helsinki, Tahtitominmaki, Helsinki, Finland
W. Unno, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, japan
O. von der Lube, NOAOlNational Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak, Sun
spot, New Mexico, USA
R YoshDnua, University of Tokyo, Department of Astronomy, Tokyo, japan
J. P. Zabn, Observatoire du Pic du Midi, Bagneres-de-Bigorre, France