The Handbook on Optical Constants of Metals: In Tables and Figures

684 Pages·2012·14.187 MB·English

by  Sadao Adachi

THE HANDBOOK ON
OPTICAL CONSTANTS
OF METALS
In Tables and Figures
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THE HANDBOOK ON
OPTICAL CONSTANTS
OF METALS
In Tables and Figures

Sadao Adachi
Gunma University, Japan
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
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THE HANDBOOK ON OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF METALS
In Tables and Figures
Copyright © 2012 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic
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ISBN 978-981-4405-94-2
Printed in Singapore.
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P
REFACE

Metals and metallic compounds are commonly used in optical systems in three forms:
(i) structures, (ii) mirrors and (iii) optical thin films. This book presents data on the
optical constants of metal elements (Na, Au, Mg, Hg, Sc, Al, Ti, β-Sn, V, Cr, Mn, Fe,
La, Th, etc.), semimetal elements (graphite, Sb, etc.), metallic compounds (TiN, VC,
TiSi , CoSi , etc.) and high-temperature superconducting materials (YBa Cu O ,
2 2 2 3 7−δ
MgB , etc.). A complete set of the optical constants are presented in tabular and
2
graphical forms over the entire photon-energy range. They are: the complex dielectric
constant ε(E) = ε(E) + iε(E), the complex refractive index n*(E) = n(E) + ik(E), the
1 2
absorption coefficient α(E) and the normal-incidence reflectivity R(E). Many of these
data are of an experimental nature determined at room temperature. The book will aid
many who are interested to know the optical constants of the metals, semimetals,
metallic compounds and high-temperature superconducting materials in the course of
their work.

The reader will find the companion book “The Handbook on Optical Constants of
Semiconductors” useful since it fully supports knowledge of the optical constants of
m any semiconductors used in a wide variety of optical science and engineering.
It is my hope that the book will attract attention of not only optical engineers, but also
solid-state physicists, materials scientists and particularly students specializing in the
fields of optical system and device engineering.

Sadao Adachi
Bunkyo-cho 2-6-31
Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0801
Japan
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C
ONTENTS

Preface v

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Electron Configuration in Atoms 1
1.2 Crystal Structure 4
1.2.1 Metal and Semimetal Elements 4
(a) Metallic bond 4
(b) Body-centered cubic structure 5
(c) Face-centered cubic structure 6
(d) Hexagonal close-packed structure 6
(e) Unusual crystal structure of metals and semimetals 6
1.2.2 Transition-Metal Carbides and Nitrides 7
1.2.3 Metallic Silicides 8
1.2.4 High-T Superconductors 8
c
(a) YBa Cu O 8
2 3 7−δ
(b) Bi Sr CaCu O 9
2 2 2 8
(c) MgB 9
2
1.3 Dielectric Function: Tensor Representation 9
1.4 Optical Dispersion Relations 11
1.5 Optical Sum Rules 13
1.5.1 Inertial Sum Rule 13
1.5.2 dc-Conductivity Sum Rule 13
vi i
viii Contents
1.5.3 f-Sum Rule 14
1.6 Model Dielectric Function 16
1.6.1 Intraband Transitions 16
(a) Lorentz−Drude model 16
(b) Optical constants and electrical conductivity 18
1.6.2 Interband Transitions 19
References 21

2 Metal and Semimetal Elements 23
2.1 Ia Metals 23
2.1.1 Lithium (Li) 24
References 29
2.1.2 Sodium (Na) 29
References 35
2.1.3 Potassium (K) 35
References 41
2.1.4 Rubidium (Rb) 41
References 46
2.1.5 Cesium (Cs) 46
References 53
2.2 Ib Metals 53
2.2.1 Copper (Cu) 54
References 60
2.2.2 Silver (Ag) 61
References 68
2.2.3 Gold (Au) 68
References 77
2.3 IIa Metals 77
2.3.1 Beryllium (Be) 78
References 85
2.3.2 Magnesium (Mg) 85
References 91
2.3.3 Calcium (Ca) 91
References 97
2.3.4 Strontium (Sr) 97
References 102
2.3.5 Barium (Ba) 102
References 108
2.4 IIb Metals 108
2.4.1 Zinc (Zn) 109
References 114
2.4.2 Cadmium (Cd) 115
References 122
2.4.3 Mercury (Hg) 123
References 128
Contents ix
2.5 IIIa Metals 128
2.5.1 Scandium (Sc) 129
References 138
2.5.2 Yttrium (Y) 139
References 153
2.6 IIIb Metals 154
2.6.1 Alminium (Al) 154
Reference 159
2.6.2 Gallium (Ga) 160
References 168
2.6.3 Indium (In) 168
References 177
2.6.4 Thallium (Tl) 177
References 182
2.7 IVa Metals 182
2.7.1 Titanium (Ti) 183
References 189
2.7.2 Zirconium (Zr) 189
References 203
2.7.3 Hafnium (Hf) 203
References 215
2.8 IVb Semimetal and Metal 216
2.8.1 Graphite (C) 216
References 225
2.8.2 White Tin (β-Sn) 225
References 236
2.9 Va Metals 237
2.9.1 Vanadium (V) 237
References 243
2.9.2 Niobium (Nb) 243
References 251
2.9.3 Tantalum (Ta) 252
References 260
2.10 Vb Semimetals 260
2.10.1 Antimony (Sb) 260
References 266
2.10.2 Bismuth (Bi) 266
References 272
2.11 VIa Metals 272
2.11.1 Chromium (Cr) 273
References 279
2.11.2 Molybdenum (Mo) 279
References 287
2.11.3 Tungsten (W) 287
References 297