The Everything Learning Latin Book : Read and Write This Classical Language and Apply It to Modern English Grammar, Usage, and Vocabulary PDF
Preview The Everything Learning Latin Book : Read and Write This Classical Language and Apply It to Modern English Grammar, Usage, and Vocabulary
THE ESSENTIAL LATIN BOOK All you need to learn Latin in no time Richard E. Prior, PhD Avon, Massachusetts Contents Introduction The Key to Understanding Latin The Significance of Syntax How Latin Syntax Works Learning Endings Learning Vocabulary Parts of Speech Helps and Hindrances Derivatives The Roman Alphabet Vowels Consonants Accent The Importance of Verbs Studying Latin Verbs The Anatomy of a Latin Verb What Is Verbal Aspect? The Continuous Aspect (AKA the Present System) The Completed Aspect (AKA the Perfect System) The Aorist Aspect Parts and Labor The Imperfect and Perfect Tenses Dissecting a Latin Verb The Imperfect Tense The Perfect Tense The Irregular Verb Sum Knowing Nouns The Anatomy of a Latin Noun Latin’s Case System The Declensions Principal Parts for Nouns Subjects and Objects The Nominative Case The Accusative Case Using Adjectives Adjective/Noun Agreement The “Parts” of an Adjective First/Second Declension Adjectives Third Declension Adjectives Substantives Making Comparisons Forming Comparisons with Adjectives The Superlative Degree Irregular Comparison Forming Adverbs Comparison of Adverbs Prepositions and the Ablative Case Prepositional Phrases The Ablative Case The Instrumental Ablative Talking about Time Talking about Places Special Places Genitive Case and Dative Case What Is the Genitive? Genitive Case Forms Third Declension i-Stem Nouns The Uses of the Genitive Case The Dative Case The Uses of the Dative Case The Word “And” Grammatical Mood What Is Grammatical Mood? The Imperfect Subjunctive The Pluperfect Subjunctive Showing Purpose Showing a Result Cum Clauses Time and Tense The Present Indicative Using the Present Indicative Forming the Future Indicative Using the Future Indicative The Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicative Using These Two Tenses Vocabulary Building The Essential Verb “to Be” The Small but Useful Verb “Go” The Verb “to Bring” Willing or Not Infinitives Vocabulary Building Pronouns Personal Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstratives as Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Intensive Adjectives and Pronouns Relative Pronouns Special Declension Adjectives Numbers Grammatical Voice What Is Grammatical Voice? Understanding Passive Voice Ablative of Agent The Middle Voice Participles Introducing Participles Using Participial Phrases Gerunds Gerundives The Supine Form Asking Questions True or False? What Are They Asking? Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns The Present and Perfect Subjunctive Conditions Infinitives The Form of Infinitives The Subjective Infinitive The Objective Infinitive Indirect Discourse Getting Attention and Giving Commands Interjections The Vocative Case Giving Commands The Hortatory and Jussive Subjunctives Clauses after Verbs of Fearing Wishing in the Subjunctive The Potential Subjunctive The Deliberative Subjunctive Appendix A: Latin-English Vocabulary Appendix B: Answer Key to Exercises Copyright Introduction Latin has acquired a reputation for being a useless and lethal pursuit, a bitter medicine cruelly administered by strict schoolmarms old enough to be native speakers themselves. Perhaps you’ve heard this little schoolboy chant: “Latin is a dead language, that is plain to see. First it killed the Romans, and now it’s killing me.” In truth, Latin is more akin to the luscious grape cluster hanging just out of the fox’s reach in Aesop’s fable. Rather than apply any effort to obtain the prize, he skulked off muttering how sour they probably were. If only he had tried hard enough to taste even a single grape! As off the mark as that little ditty is, it does bring up some important points. First, what does “dead” mean when applied to a language? Language is a living thing. It grows and changes day by day, imperceptibly, just as an infant grows to adulthood. There was never any calendar date marked when the folks in Rome stopped speaking Latin and started speaking Italian! The confusion may lie in the names we give languages. Ure Faeder the eart in heofenum is the beginning of the Lord’s Prayer in English as English was spoken fifteen hundred years ago. English isn’t a dead language, but it isn’t spoken like that anymore, so we call that kind of English Old English. Likewise, the language of Caesar could be called Old Italian. (Or Italian Modern Latin!) Studying Latin, then, is studying the snapshot of a whiz kid who is now grown up. The story of ancient Rome represents about 25 percent of all recorded history. If ancient Rome and her language are dead, tenacious ghosts remain. Nearly a billion people today speak Modern Latin (i.e., [id est—that is], French, Spanish, Portuguese, et al. [et alia—and the others]). If you look out your window and see bricks, concrete, or a paved road; if you turn on the news or pick up a
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