Techniques for Corrosion Monitoring

711 Pages·2008·11.356 MB·English

by  L. Yang

Techniques for corrosion monitoring
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Techniques for
corrosion monitoring
Edited by
Lietai Yang
SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE®
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing
on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
Cambridge England
Woodhead Publishing Limited and Maney Publishing Limited on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Abington
Cambridge CB21 6AH, England
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Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway,
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First published 2008, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© 2008, Woodhead Publishing Limited
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Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-187-5 (book)
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-405-0 (e-book)
CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4200-7089-7
CRC Press order number WP7089
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Contents
Contributor contact details xv
1 Introduction 1
L Yang, Southwest Research Institute, USA
1.1 Defi nition of corrosion 1
1.2 Corrosion cost 1
1.3 Corrosion monitoring and its importance
in corrosion prevention and control 2
1.4 Organization of the book 3
1.5 References 5
2 Corrosion fundamentals and
characterization techniques 6
G A Cragnolino, Southwest Research Institute, USA
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 General corrosion 7
2.3 Passivity and localized corrosion 9
2.4 Microbially infl uenced corrosion 24
2.5 Flow-assisted corrosion and erosion corrosion 26
2.6 Stress corrosion cracking 28
2.7 Corrosion fatigue 33
2.8 Hydrogen embrittlement 36
2.9 Characterization techniques 37
2.10 References 40
Part I Electrochemical techniques for
corrosion monitoring 47
3 Electrochemical polarization techniques
for corrosion monitoring 49
S Papavinasam, CANMET Materials Technology
Laboratory, Canada
3.1 Introduction 49
v
vi Contents
3.2 Electrochemical nature of corrosion 49
3.3 Energy–potential–current relationship 51
3.4 Electrochemical polarization techniques for
determining corrosion rates 57
3.5 Conversion of I into the corrosion rate 69
corr
3.6 Measurement of corrosion rate by polarization
methods in the laboratory 71
3.7 Measurement of corrosion rate by polarization
methods in the fi eld 77
3.8 General limitations of polarization methods of
determining the corrosion rate 79
3.9 Applications of polarization methods in the fi eld 81
3.10 Future trends 81
3.11 Further information 83
3.12 References 83
4 Electrochemical noise for corrosion monitoring 86
R Cottis, University of Manchester, UK
4.1 Introduction to electrochemical noise 86
4.2 Measurement of EN 87
4.3 Alternative EN measurement methods 92
4.4 Interpretation of EN 95
4.5 Comparison of EN and polarization resistance
for the estimation of corrosion rate 103
4.6 Practical applications 105
4.7 Harmonic distortion analysis 106
4.8 Electrochemical frequency modulation 108
4.9 References 109
5 Zero resistance ammetry and galvanic sensors 111
R D Klassen and P R Roberge, Royal Military
College of Canada, Canada
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Galvanic current 112
5.3 ZRA measurement circuitry 114
5.4 Applications 115
5.5 Future trends 124
5.6 References 124
Contents vii
6 Differential fl ow through cell technique 127
B Yang, Honeywell, USA
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Principles of the differential fl ow cell (DFC)
method 127
6.3 Data interpretation and use 141
6.4 Applications 153
6.5 Future trends and additional information 153
6.6 References 153
7 Thermodynamics of corrosion and
potentiometric methods for measuring
localised corrosion 156
P Shukla, Southwest Research Institute, USA
7.1 Introduction 156
7.2 Thermodynamics of corrosion 156
7.3 Galvanic series of alloys 172
7.4 Potentiometric methods for measuring
localized corrosion 174
7.5 Summary 182
7.6 References 183
8 Multielectrode systems 187
L Yang, Southwest Research Institute, USA
8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Earlier multielectrode systems for high
throughput corrosion studies 188
8.3 Uncoupled multielectrode arrays 190
8.4 Coupled multielectrode systems for corrosion
detection 191
8.5 Coupled multielectrode arrays for spatiotemporal
corrosion and electrochemical studies 194
8.6 Coupled multielectrode arrays for spatiotemporal
corrosion measurements 197
8.7 Coupled multielectrode array sensors with simple
output parameters for corrosion monitoring 198
8.8 Minimizing effects of internal currents,
electronic-conducting deposits and crevices on
performance of CMAS probes 217
8.9 Validation of corrosion rate measurement using
coupled multielectrode array sensors 226
viii Contents
8.10 Applications of coupled multielectrode array
sensor for real-time corrosion monitoring 233
8.11 Limitations of multielectrode systems 233
8.12 Summary 234
8.13 References 235
Part II Other physical or chemical methods
for corrosion monitoring 245
9 Gravimetric techniques 247
K Chiang and T Mintz, Southwest Research
Institute, USA
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique 247
9.3 Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique 251
9.4 Gravimetric techniques summary 260
9.5 References 263
10 Radioactive tracer methods 265
D C Eberle, Southwest Research Institute, USA
10.1 Principle and history 265
10.2 Assumptions 267
10.3 Labeling methods 268
10.4 Potential isotopes 270
10.5 Calibration and conversion to corrosion units 271
10.6 Applications and limitations 273
10.7 Sources of further information 276
10.8 References 276
11 Electrical resistance techniques 277
C S Brossia, CC Technologies, USA
11.1 Introduction and background 277
11.2 Sensing probe designs 279
11.3 Examples of application and use 281
11.4 Sensing probe electronics and instrumentation 286
11.5 Variations on the ER theme 287
11.6 Advantages and limitations 291
11.7 Summary and conclusions 292
11.8 References 292
Contents ix
12 Nondestructive evaluation technologies for
monitoring corrosion 293
G Light, Southwest Research Institute, USA
12.1 Introduction 293
12.2 NDE methods for corrosion monitoring 294
12.3 Future trends 309
12.4 References 310
13 Hydrogen fl ux measurements in petrochemical
applications 313
F Dean, Ion Science Ltd, UK
13.1 Introduction 313
13.2 Scenarios leading to hydrogen permeation
and detection 313
13.3 A measurement of hydrogen activity based on
fl ux measurement 315
13.4 Comments pertaining to particular fl ux
measurement applications 318
13.5 References 321
14 Rotating cage and jet impingement techniques 322
S Papavinasam, CANMET Materials Technology
Laboratory, Canada
14.1 Introduction 322
14.2 Rotating cage 322
14.3 Jet impingement 331
14.4 Prediction from laboratory test result to fi eld
application 337
14.5 Future trends 340
14.6 Further information 341
14.7 References 341
Part III Corrosion monitoring in particular
environments and other issues 345
15 Corrosion monitoring in microbial environments 347
P Cristiani, Cesiricerca SPA, Italy
15.1 Introduction 347