Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development

360 Pages·2014·3.673 MB·English

by  Yin Bun Cheung

Biostatistics S
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Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development is an s
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accessible and practical guide to a wide range of basic and advanced i
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statistical methods that are useful for studying human growth and a
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development. The book collects methods scattered throughout the A Statistical Analysis
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literature and explains how to use them to solve common research
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problems. It also discusses how well a method addresses a specific l
y of Human Growth
scientific question and how to interpret and present the analytic s
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results. Stata is used to implement the analyses, with the codes and

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macros available on the book’s CRC Press Web page.
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After reviewing research designs and basic statistical tools, the
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author discusses the use of existing tools to transform raw data m
into analyzable variables and back-transform them to raw data. He a
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covers regression analysis of quantitative, binary, and censored data
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as well as the analysis of repeated measurements and clustered
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data. He also describes the development of new growth references
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and developmental indices, the generation of key variables based t
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on longitudinal data, and the processes to verify the validity and
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reliability of measurement tools. Looking at the larger picture of n
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research practice, the book concludes with coverage of missing

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values, multiplicity problems, and multivariable regression.
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Along with two simulated datasets, numerous examples from real
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experimental and observational studies illustrate the concepts and o
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methods. Although the book focuses on examples of anthropometric
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measurements and changes in cognitive, social-emotional,
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locomotor, and other abilities, the ideas are applicable to many n
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other physical and psychosocial phenomena, such as lung function
and depressive symptoms.
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K13277_Cover.indd 1 10/1/13 7:23 AM
Statistical Analysis
of Human Growth
and Development
Editor-in-Chief
Shein-Chung Chow, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Duke University School of Medicine
Durham, North Carolina
Series Editors
Byron Jones Jen-pei Liu
Biometrical Fellow Professor
Statistical Methodology Division of Biometry
Department of Agronomy
Integrated Information Sciences
National Taiwan University
Novartis Pharma AG
Taipei, Taiwan
Basel, Switzerland

Karl E. Peace Bruce W. Turnbull
Georgia Cancer Coalition Professor
Distinguished Cancer Scholar School of Operations Research
Senior Research Scientist and and Industrial Engineering
Professor of Biostatistics Cornell University
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health Ithaca, New York
Georgia Southern University
Statesboro, Georgia
Adaptive Design Methods in Biostatistics: A Computing Approach
Clinical Trials, Second Edition Stewart J. Anderson
Shein-Chung Chow and Mark Chang
Causal Analysis in Biomedicine and
Adaptive Design Theory and Epidemiology: Based on Minimal
Implementation Using SAS and R Sufficient Causation
Mark Chang Mikel Aickin
Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Clinical Trial Data Analysis using R
Test Accuracy Ding-Geng (Din) Chen and Karl E. Peace
Lyle D. Broemeling
Clinical Trial Methodology
Advances in Clinical Trial Biostatistics Karl E. Peace and Ding-Geng (Din) Chen
Nancy L. Geller
Computational Methods in Biomedical
Applied Meta-Analysis with R Research
Ding-Geng (Din) Chen and Karl E. Peace Ravindra Khattree and Dayanand N. Naik
Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Computational Pharmacokinetics
Statistical Applications, Second Edition Anders Källén
James E. De Muth
Confidence Intervals for Proportions and
Bayesian Adaptive Methods for Related Measures of Effect Size
Clinical Trials Robert G. Newcombe
Scott M. Berry, Bradley P. Carlin,
Controversial Statistical Issues in
J. Jack Lee, and Peter Muller
Clinical Trials
Bayesian Analysis Made Simple: An Excel Shein-Chung Chow
GUI for WinBUGS
Data and Safety Monitoring Committees
Phil Woodward
in Clinical Trials
Bayesian Methods for Measures of Jay Herson
Agreement
Design and Analysis of Animal Studies in
Lyle D. Broemeling
Pharmaceutical Development
Bayesian Methods in Epidemiology Shein-Chung Chow and Jen-pei Liu
Lyle D. Broemeling
Design and Analysis of Bioavailability and
Bayesian Methods in Health Economics Bioequivalence Studies, Third Edition
Gianluca Baio Shein-Chung Chow and Jen-pei Liu
Bayesian Missing Data Problems: EM, Design and Analysis of Bridging Studies
Data Augmentation and Noniterative Jen-pei Liu, Shein-Chung Chow,
Computation and Chin-Fu Hsiao
Ming T. Tan, Guo-Liang Tian,
Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials with
and Kai Wang Ng
Time-to-Event Endpoints
Bayesian Modeling in Bioinformatics Karl E. Peace
Dipak K. Dey, Samiran Ghosh,
Design and Analysis of Non-Inferiority
and Bani K. Mallick
Trials
Biosimilars: Design and Analysis of Mark D. Rothmann, Brian L. Wiens,
Follow-on Biologics and Ivan S. F. Chan
Shein-Chung Chow
Difference Equations with Public Health Multiple Testing Problems in
Applications Pharmaceutical Statistics
Lemuel A. Moyé and Asha Seth Kapadia Alex Dmitrienko, Ajit C. Tamhane,
and Frank Bretz
DNA Methylation Microarrays:
Experimental Design and Statistical Optimal Design for Nonlinear Response
Analysis Models
Sun-Chong Wang and Arturas Petronis Valerii V. Fedorov and Sergei L. Leonov
DNA Microarrays and Related Genomics Randomized Clinical Trials of
Techniques: Design, Analysis, and Nonpharmacological Treatments
Interpretation of Experiments Isabelle Boutron, Philippe Ravaud, and
David B. Allison, Grier P. Page, David Moher
T. Mark Beasley, and Jode W. Edwards
Randomized Phase II Cancer Clinical
Dose Finding by the Continual Trials
Reassessment Method Sin-Ho Jung
Ying Kuen Cheung
Sample Size Calculations in Clinical
Elementary Bayesian Biostatistics Research, Second Edition
Lemuel A. Moyé Shein-Chung Chow, Jun Shao
and Hansheng Wang
Frailty Models in Survival Analysis
Andreas Wienke Statistical Analysis of Human Growth
and Development
Generalized Linear Models: A Bayesian
Yin Bun Cheung
Perspective
Dipak K. Dey, Sujit K. Ghosh, Statistical Design and Analysis of
and Bani K. Mallick Stability Studies
Shein-Chung Chow
Handbook of Regression and Modeling:
Applications for the Clinical and Statistical Evaluation of Diagnostic
Pharmaceutical Industries Performance: Topics in ROC Analysis
Daryl S. Paulson Kelly H. Zou, Aiyi Liu, Andriy Bandos,
Lucila Ohno-Machado, and Howard Rockette
Interval-Censored Time-to-Event Data:
Methods and Applications Statistical Methods for Clinical Trials
Ding-Geng (Din) Chen, Jianguo Sun, Mark X. Norleans
and Karl E. Peace
Statistics in Drug Research:
Joint Models for Longitudinal and Time- Methodologies and Recent
to-Event Data: With Applications in R Developments
Dimitris Rizopoulos Shein-Chung Chow and Jun Shao
Measures of Interobserver Agreement Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry,
and Reliability, Second Edition Third Edition
Mohamed M. Shoukri Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay
Medical Biostatistics, Third Edition Survival Analysis in Medicine and
A. Indrayan Genetics
Jialiang Li and Shuangge Ma
Meta-Analysis in Medicine and Health
Policy Theory of Drug Development
Dalene Stangl and Donald A. Berry Eric B. Holmgren
Monte Carlo Simulation for the Translational Medicine: Strategies and
Pharmaceutical Industry: Concepts, Statistical Methods
Algorithms, and Case Studies Dennis Cosmatos and Shein-Chung Chow
Mark Chang
Statistical Analysis
of Human Growth
and Development
Yin Bun Cheung
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................xix
Author ...................................................................................................................xxi
1 Introduction .....................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview ................................................................................................1
1.2 Human Growth .....................................................................................2
1.2.1 Fetal Period ...............................................................................2
1.2.2 At Birth ......................................................................................3
1.2.3 Infancy to Puberty ...................................................................5
1.2.4 Adulthood .................................................................................8
1.3 Human Development .........................................................................10
1.3.1 Fetal Period .............................................................................10
1.3.2 Infancy .....................................................................................11
1.3.3 Childhood to Adolescence....................................................12
1.3.4 Adulthood ...............................................................................14
1.4 Statistical Considerations ...................................................................16
1.4.1 Issues Arising from Nature and Nurture ..........................17
1.4.2 Issues Arising from Measurement ......................................17
1.4.3 Complex Relationship ...........................................................18
1.4.4 Normal versus Abnormal States..........................................19
2 Causal Reasoning and Study Designs .....................................................21
2.1 Causality ...............................................................................................21
2.1.1 Association ..............................................................................21
2.1.2 Temporal Sequence ................................................................21
2.1.3 Nonspurious Association .....................................................22
2.1.4 Observed Association Not Due to Chance ........................23
2.2 Study Designs ......................................................................................24
2.2.1 Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Studies ....................24
2.2.2 Randomized Trials versus Observational Studies ............26
2.2.3 Further Topics in Study Designs .........................................28
3 Basic Statistical Concepts and Tools .........................................................31
3.1 Normal Distribution ...........................................................................31
3.2 Statistical Inference and Significance ...............................................32
3.2.1 Population and Sample .........................................................32
3.2.2 Statistical Inference and Statistical Significance ...............33
3.2.3 Clinical Significance and Effect Size ...................................35
3.2.4 Parameters ..............................................................................37
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix