SQL Server 2000 : the complete reference

954 Pages·2001·7.449 MB·English

by  Jeffrey R Shapiro

SQL Server 2000:
The Complete Reference
Jeffrey R. Shapiro
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DOI: 10.1036/0072224681
This book is dedicated to the following special people that I miss dearly:
my mother, Elaine Shapiro, my grandparents Beno and Rose Frank, and
my great aunt, Phyllis Koppel.
About the Author...
Jeffrey Shapirohas been a consulting engineer
and IT specialist for more than 13 years. Hehas
writtenseveralbooksonsoftwaredevelopment,
technology, and telecommunications, and has
written numerous articles on technology for
magazinessuchasCallCenterandNetworkWorld.
A frequent speaker at software development
conferences, Jeffrey has worked with hundreds
of companies such as Microsoft, Novell, and
IBM; a number of public institutions; and
several governments. When he is not writing
books,heismanagingcomplexdata,
e-commerce, and telecommunications projects.
Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Part I
SQL Server 2000 System and Platform Architecture
1 Getting to Know SQL Server 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A DBMS for Everyone . . . and Everything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
How Critical Is Your Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Concurrent Access to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Integrity of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Availability of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Line-of-Business Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The Distributed Network Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
So What Is SQL Server 2000? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Central Design Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Overview of the Core Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The DBMS or Administration Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
v
Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
vi SQL Server 2000: The Complete Reference
The Application Development Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
New Features for Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SQL Server and the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Virtual Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Native XML Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The Client/Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Analysis Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Introducing Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Introduction to SQL Server Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The Logical Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Introduction to SQL Server Tables: The Conceptual Level 40
The Physical Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Pages and Extents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Transaction Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Uncovering More About SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3 SQL Server 2000 Client/Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . 67
What Is a C/S DBMS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
SQL Server in a Basket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
C/S Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Connecting to SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Security and Access Control in SQL Server 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Windows Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
SQL Server 2000 Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Mixed or Dual-Mode Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
The SQL Server Login IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
The SQL Server Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
The SQL Server Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Object Ownership and Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
The Server-Side Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
The Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
SQL Server Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Microsoft Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator . . . . . 91
The Network Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4 DBMS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
The TPC Benchmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
An Overview of the DBMS Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
The Relational Database Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Contents vii
Memory Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Page Files and the VMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
More About Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Address Windowing Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The SQL Server Address Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
SQL Server I/O Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
SQL Server’s Thread and Task Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
SQL Server Transaction Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Isolation, Concurrency, and Locking Architecture . . . . . . . 108
Reading and Writing the Data Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
How Data Is Saved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
SQL, Query Optimization, and Query Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
What Is Query Optimization? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
The Optimization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Caching and Reusing Execution Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Inside Data Streams, Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Pulling the Relational Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5 Meta Data Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
What Is Metadata? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Metadata Has Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Meta Data Services in SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
The Meta Data Coalition and the OMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Information Model Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Information Models and Meta Data Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Overview of Meta Data Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Using the Meta Data Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Viewing Meta Data in Meta Data Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Working with Meta Data Browser as a
Standalone Snap-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Changing the Browse Mode in Meta Data Browser . . . . . . 141
Setting Display Options in Meta Data Browser . . . . . . . . . 141
Working with Contents in Meta Data Browser . . . . . . . . . . 141
Working with Object and Properties in Meta
Data Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Where to Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6 Installing SQL Server 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
General Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
SQL Server Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
File Particulars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
The Code Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
viii SQL Server 2000: The Complete Reference
Setup Types and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Naming the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
New Local Install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Choose Authentication Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Service Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Advanced Installation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
New Remote Install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Understanding the Upgrade Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Upgrading the Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Upgrading SQL Server 7.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Upgrading Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
How to Do the Copy Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Upgrading SQL Server 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Client Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Language and Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Where to Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Part II
SQL Server 2000 Platform Administration
7 Administration Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The Evolution of the SQL Server DBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
SQL Server 2000 Administrative Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The SQL Distributed Management Framework . . . . . . . . . 179
An Introduction to the SQL-DMF APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
SQL Server and Windows Management
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Transact-SQL and Stored Procedures for DBAs . . . . . . . . . 184
Introducing SQL Server Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Getting Started with SQL Server Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Server Groups and Connecting to Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Getting Around Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Configuring the Server Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
The Command Prompt Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8 SQL Server Security and Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Data Security Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Objects and Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Levels of Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Windows Security 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Trusted Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Shared Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Contents ix
SQL Server Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Kerberos Tickets: The Keys to Trusted Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Key Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Kerberos, Trusts, and Login Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
IPSec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Secure Sockets Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Microsoft Certificate Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Public Key Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Digital Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Trusted Access Versus Nontrusted Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
SQL Server Security: The Internal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Checking Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
GUIDS for Nontrusted Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
User Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Managing SQL Server Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Creating and Configuring Database Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Creating and Configuring Logins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Creating and Configuring Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
SQL Server Profiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
The SQL Server Security Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
DBMS Security Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Database Security Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
In Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9 SQL Server Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Establishing Baselines for Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Transaction Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
SQL Server 2000 Recovery Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Understanding the Recovery Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
SQL Server 2000 Backup and Restore Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
TypesofDatabaseBackupsforSQLServer2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Full Database Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Transaction Log Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Differential Database Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
File/Filegroup Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Snapshot Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Backup Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Disk Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Tape Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
x SQL Server 2000: The Complete Reference
Named Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Device Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Backing Up SQL Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Using Enterprise Manager to Back Up SQL Server . . . . . . 284
Using Enterprise Manager to Restore SQL Server . . . . . . . 290
Using T-SQL Backup Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Restoring a Database to a Point in Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Hardware and Media Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
4mm Digital Audiotape (DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8mm Digital Audiotape (DAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Digital Linear Tape (DLT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
(QIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
SQL Server Backup Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
SQL Server Backup by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Practicing Scratch and Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Rotation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Sleeping at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
In Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10 SQL Server Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Distributed Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Establishing Replication Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
SQL Server Replication Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Types of Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Snapshot Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Transactional Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Merge Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Understanding the Replication Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Filtering Published Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Publishing Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Publishing Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Updatable Subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Transforming Published Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Alternate Synchronization Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Getting Started with Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Configuring a Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Creating a Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Designing a Replication Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Understanding the Physical Replication Models . . . . . . . . 323
In Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324