Special course on engineering methods in aerodynamic analysis and design of aircraft = les méthodes d'ingéniérie employée lors de l'analyse et de la conception des aéronefs

249 Pages·1992·13.07 MB·English

by  North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development

AG.ARD )
AD, -A247 719
AGAR.-783
ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT.
7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE
AGARD REPORT 783
Special Course on
Engineering Methods in
Aerodynamic Analysis
and Design of Aircraft
(Les Methodes d'Ingenierie Employee lors de
lAnalyse et de la Conception des Aronefs)
rnaterial assembled in thiv book was preparedu nder the combined sponorshipo f
kw
the,F luidD ynamics Panel,t he Consulwa and Exchange Prormmeo f AGARD. and
reLvIo te Kdrmn Institute, and w, preswnteda s an AGARD Speci Coursea t the
Middle East Technical Unirveriy, Ankara, Turke' , 6th-Orh Ma 1991, at the
." Kdrndn Institutef or Fluid Dynamis, Rhode-St-Gense, Belgium 13th--17th May
1;j])a nd at the UniversitadP olitecnicad e Madrid.S pain 20h-24th May 1991.
ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
-~NORTH
92-06961
\
FPubismhed January 1t90
L3ftt wi; n ar d Ava labdit, nLAck
Best
Available
Copy
AGARD-R-783
ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
7 RUE ANCELLE vi2200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE
AGARD REPORT 783
Special Course on
Engineering Methods in
Aerodynamic Analysis
and Design of Aircraft
(Les Mtthodes dlng~nidrie Employde lors dIe
l'Analysc ot do la Conception des A~ronefs)-
The material assembled in this book was prepared under the comrbined sponsorship of
the F'luid Dynamics Panel, the Consultant and Exchange programme o)fA GARI), and
the von Kiinnin Institute, and was presented as an AGARI) Special Course at the
Middle East Technical University, Ankara,'llirkcy,6 th-l10th May 199 1, at the
von Kirmnin Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-St-Gen~se, Belgium 13th-l17th May
1991 and at the Univesitad Politcoica de Madrid, Spaiin 2th-24th May 1991.
+ \ NOorgrtahn Aistalatinotnic dTure TartayI1 6O rdgea nlAiztlaatniotnique Nord
!- i
The Mission of AGARD
According to is Charter, the mission of AGARD is to bnng together the ladmg personaltes of iheNATO nations i the fields
of science and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes.
- Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabilities for the
conmon benefit of the NATO community,
- Providing scientific and techmcal advice and assistance to the Military Committee in the field of aerospace research and
development (with particular regard to its military application),
- Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence posture,
- Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development:
- Exchange of scientific and technical information,
- Providing assistance to member nations for the ptrpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential,
Rendering scientifiL and technical assistance, as requested. to other NATO bodies and to member nations in .onne.tnon
with research and dcelopment problems in the aerospace field
Tht highest authrity ssithin AGARI) is the National Delegates Board .onsisting of officially appointed senior representatioes
from cavh member nation The mission of AGARD is earned out through the Panels which are composed of experts appointe
by the National Delegates, the Consultant and Lxt hange Programme and the Aeroslace Apphations Studies Programme The
results oa AGARD work are reported it) the member rations and the NATO Authorities through the AGARD series of
Pblications of hich this is one
Partilipation in AGARD artisiies is b) invitation only and is normally limited to citizens of the NAIO nations
The content of this publication has been reproduced
directly from material supplied by AGARD or the authors
Published January 1992
Copright O AGARD 1992
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 92-835-0652-9
PriniedI n silzstd I'nnnng Sre(es Limited
4) ( higull Lane Loughton, t s.et OUs)I Z
Recent Publications of
the Fluid Dynamics Panel
AGARDOGRAPHS (AG)
Design andT esting of High-Performance Parachutes
AGARD AG-319, November 1991
Experimental Techniques In the Field of Low Density Aerodynamics
AGARD AG-3 18(E), April 1991
Techniques Expitrimentales Likes i l'Arodynamique i BasseD ensilt
AGARD AG-318 (FR). April 1990
AS uncsy of Measurements andM easuring Techniques in Rapidly Distorted Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers
AGARD AG-3i5, May 1989
Re)ynoldNsu mber Effects In Transonic Flows
AGARD AG-303, December 1988
REPORTS (R)
Alr.raft D)n amics aiHt igh Angles of Attack: Experiments and Modelling
AGARD R-776, Special Course Notes, March 1991
Inverse Methods In Airfoil Design for Aeronautical andT urbomachinery Applications
AGARD R-780. Special Course Notes. November 1990
Aerody namics of Rotorcraft
AGARD R-78 1,S pecial Course Notes, Nosembr 1990
Three-Dimensonal Supt rionie/1l)personic Flows Including Separation
AGARD R-764, Special (rturse Notes, January 1990
Advattces In Cryogenic Wind Tunnel Technology
AGARD R-774. SpeciaCto urse Notes, November 1989
ADVISORY REPORTS (AR)
Air Intakes for High SpeedVe hicles
AGARD AR-270, September 1991
Appraisal of the Suitability of Turbulence Mfodels In Flow Calcutatlous
AGARI) AR-291 .Technical Status Restew. July 1991
Rotary *ltatnce Testing for Aircraft Dynamics
AGARD AR-265, Report of WG 11, Dcember 1990
Calculation of 3D.Separhted Turbulent Flow4 In Boundary Lay er Limtit
AGAiU) AR-25S. Report ofiW O 10,M ay 1990
Adaptive Wind Tunnel Waits: Technology andA pplications
AGARD AR-269, Report of WGI 2,April 1990
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (CP)
Effects of Adverse Weather onA erodynamics
AGARD CP-496. Decmber 1991
Nlanocuiring Aerodynamics
AGARD CP-497, November 1991
Vortex Flow Atrod nzam3ic
AGARD CP-494. July 1991
Missile Aerodynamics
A(,ARD CP-493 October 1990
Aerodynamics of Combat Aircraft Controlsan frudEXet
AGARD CP-465, April 1990 adofGud
Computational Methods for Aerodynamic Design (Inverse) and Optimization
AGARD-CP-463, March 1990
Applications of Mesh Generation to Complex 3-D)C onfigurations
AGARD CP.464, March 1990
Fluid Dynamics of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Shear Flows and Transition
AGARD CP-438, April 1989
Validation of Computational FLA Dynamics
AGARD CP-437, December 1988
Aerodynamic Data Accuracy and Qualitr.R eqtuirements andC apsebllities in Wind Tunnel Testing
AGARD CP.429, July 1988
Aerodynamics of Hypersonic, Lifting Vehicles
AGARD CP-428, Novemnber 1987
Aerodynamic and Related Hydr dynamic Studies Using Water Facilities
AGARD, CP.4 13, June 1987
Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Aeronautics
AGARD CP.4 12, November 1986
Store Airframe Aerodynamics
AGARD CP-389, August 1986
Unsteady Aerodynamics - Fundamentals andA pplications to Aircraft Dynamics
AGARD CP-386. Novemiser I 85
Acrod;Tuamlcs and Acoustics of propellers
AGARD CP-366. February 1985
Improvement of Aerodynamic performance through Boundary La~cr Control sod High Lift Systems
AGARD CP-365, August 1984
Wind Tunnels and Testing Techniques
AGARD CP-348, February 1984
Aerodynamics of Vorsical Type FlowiIsn Three Dimensions
AGARD CP-342.lJuly 1983
Misesile Aeeod~namlcs
AGARD CP-336, February 1983
Prediction of Aerodynamic Loads on Rotoreraft
AGARD CP-334, Scptcmbe; 1982
Wall Interference In Wind Tunnels
AGARI) CP-335. September 1982
Fluid Dynamica of Jets swithA pplications to V/STOL.
AGARD CP-308, January 1982
Aerodynamics of Power Plat Installation
AGARD CP-30 1,September 1981
Computation of Viscous*Inslscld Interactions
AGARD CP-29 1,F ebruary 1981
Eubsonlcfrrasonic Configuration Aerodynamics
AGAPJ) CP-285, September I198,1)
Turbiulent Boundary La)tra Eaperimens, Theory andN Iodelling
AGARD CP-27 1,J anuary 1980
Aerodynamic Chsaracteristics of Controls
AGARD CP-262. Spmber 1979
Hi1gAhn gle of Attarl, Aerod~nanslcs
AGARI) CP-247, Janu'y ! 979
Foreword
Enigineertng Asorink preliminary designof new projects is basedtoi, a large degree. on basic fundamental
experimental testse,m pirical procedures, and low level (fast, inexpensive, and easy-to-handle) computer
codes restricted to potential flow with simple correction terms for viscous effects. There isa need for
training young engineers joining industry to weorkw ith thesesi mple engineering tools Without skillful
use of thesteo ols. the art .t cost-effective preliminary design of new aircraft will be jeopardized
71ceobjective ofthuss pecial course ist opresent proven enigseening methods used duringconsceptial and
prelimnary design and development of new aircraft concepts 'Ile course ,III focus oii simple
computational procedures for conceptual and preliminary design, low-level anatysi, compaier codes.
and experimental techniques for aircraft perfoitnance predictions.
PWSacher
Special Couric Dircc,or
Avant-Propos
I
s Ira% cuxd 'iugnrc entrepris aun ivrau dese tudepsr imnaiies d'un usiuveapnr o~esto ul bd~,en~i
grande paie. surd ese ssaiess perimentaus foudjinentasis. de%pr ocedures empiruques. et dc-, cules
machine du preieir cheilon fiipidne. peu co~itcux ci euinsislaus) imite a-is tcoclcmcnts poieuiiels
asecd ess impilefasc tcurs dec orrection pour lese ffetvsis quetis.
Usaj eunes ingemesirs qui debuient dlanlsin dustre doniveut ref ormes 4niplot dec eao5u tils siesples
d'aide al a conception. Sinon. letude preliminaire des nouveaasavionsuian deso uions der entzdilite
accepiables sera forteinent compromise.
Lobjet de eec ours special estd ep resenter de:sm ihodes d'ingntine quio ut fsu lcntmpr cuvss lot,
d'etudes lireliminaires ci conceptuelles cntrepnises en sueA k ddseloppe des nouveaux concept,
d'aetonefs, Lc cours incurs 1*4cceniutr desp rocedures de ealcul simples [xwul're tude preliminaist ei
conccpinelle. desc odes machine d'analyse iniale et doste chniques eaperimentales pxsu:ai prevision dus
performancdeess8a ironefs
PW Sacher
L
Special Course Staff
Special Course Director~D ipl. Ing. P.WSacher
Deutsche Aerospace
Meserschmitt-lkow.Htohm GmbH
Military Aircraft Division
Advanced Design Dept,
PO. Box 80 1160
D-8000 Munich 80
Germany
LECTURERS
M."P .Perrier Mr CW.Boppe
Aviation Marcel Dassault Manager - Technology Development
llreguer Aviation B/35/35
78 Quai Carnot Grumman Corporaion
92214 St.C loud Becthpage, NY 11787
France United Satcs
Mr ILWN Iloeijmakers
National Aerosace, Laboratory NLR Dr I E Lamar
Anthoi-y Fokkcr%%2 seg Mlail Stop 361
P0 Box90502NASA I-anglcy Research Center
10lBi '-tX 'nsterdam flamswon, VA 23ri65
The Neihcrl~inds United States
M r 11 amnes Mr DP Raymer
3 liromhan Road President. Conceptual Recsearr'.
Ilidcilnhr, P0 Box 923156
IBedfo~NdIK 40 4AF SylmaCirA, 91342-31%
United Kingdom United States
LOCAL COORD3NA1ORS
Y(P!h6afor4uoon0wrK f .efRsal/uersisi nisodadod nDeer M-yCIW nSnasNaai-timtGib teuoieicltisecsiaos l, o 7 2 PUrl2i l8raTio0zifSia4es s0rICs i MdoaArraI darrRdedonr. niMadlail oa ulCiitttiiiecnsoenc sezir-moVsa dl3 e Madrid MIAlAnirnoeiodkirfrdoaealnrs easaI louuErts ixcC aiat .lr CT EeiPrncagkhy n.0 iDc6ae5lp3 tU1nisecsity
PCuin Spain Turkey
PANEL EXECUTIVE
lDrW Goodrich
Mall fromE urope. Mall from US and Cansda:
AAt*t.n-A FRDDP)- 0FTxAcNt v AAtGtnA RF'DD-IN'ixAeTcuOnve
Contents
Page
Recent Publications of the Fluid D)namics Panel iii
Foreword/Avant-Propos v
Special Course Staff vi
Reference
Introduction I
by P.W Sacher
Computational Procedures for Preliminary Design 2
by P.,Pcrner
Configuration Dcvelopment 3
by DP Raymer
Suney of Experimental Techniques for Performance Prcdit~on 4
byU . M~ines
Panel Methods for Acrod) namic Anal~sis and Design 5
byI t WN 1Ill jmakcrs
I ligh Angle of Atlack - Acrods nainics 6
byi r lamar
Aircraft Drag Anal~sis Methods 7
byC WVtt ppe
[7
INTRODUCTION
by
P.W.Sacher
Deutsche Aerospace
Meserschmo tt-Bblkow-Bloh-GhibH
Military Aircraft Division
Advanced Design Dept.
P.O.Box 801160
D-L300 Munich 80
Germany
1. Rationale for the special course
In 1986 the AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel organized a special course on the subject of
"Fundamentals of Fighter Aircraft Design" at the V.K.I. Brussels, the AF Academy
Athens and at the METUA nkara. More than 200 young engineers attended this course. It
seems to be timely to rcpeat a similar approach within the AGARD technical prograrvne
and with respect to the scope of the previous course three major modifications were
approved :
(a) Aerodynamic analysis tools used in conceptual and preliminary aircraft design
should be included
(b) Extension to civil aircraft should be allowed and
%c) Addressing mostly conceptual and preliminary design, the scope of the oJrae
should be restricted to fast, inexpensive and easy-to-handle design and analysis
tools.
First the terminus "Engineering Methods" should be defined more in detail. It is un-
derstood that this methods shall represent proven engineering procedures most com-
monly used in industry during the conceptuai and preliminary design nd development
of any new aircraft concept.
PH.,ASE I P14ASE rl N|iASE M]
CONCEPTUADLE SIGN PRELIMINARYD ESIGN DETAILD ESIGN
-BASIC MISSIONR EOMTS * AEROELASTIRCE OMTS . LOCALS TRENGTH
.RANGEA LfII~UO.SCP TEO -FATIGUER EQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS
2 BASCMATERIALPIRj(TI -FLUTTER REQUIREMENTS * PRODUCIBILITY
a/p EIp S/La -OVERALLS TRENGThREQMISI FUNCTIONARLE OMTS
BASICIN TERNAALR ROMT DETAILD ESIGN
GEOMETRY DESIGN •M ECHANISMS
In AIRFOILTSOIEB JECTIVES' *C OMI1NSTEEXTII',L COFIG C N,&
1.44 ,I /C -* D*RlAtGI LGE.OVIAETLL I *'LCOACMAEL R .'Te.S~TP rCISOTRTLRSI'U IOT tIO NS * JAOOINATHSU.FNITNOTIh'..
.X *CMOASJTOGORLA OL$A DSS, TRESSES. * DESIGNR EFINEMENTASS
A DEFLECTIONS RESULTSOTFE STB OPER
Ref.,F undae ientalo f AircrafDte sign( L.H.NicoIal)
Fig 1 Major design phases in aircraft development