Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Radar Antenna: Analysis, Measurement and Anti-jamming Application

421 Pages·2018·18.53 MB·English

by  Huanyao Dai

Huanyao Dai, Xuesong Wang, Hong Xie, Shunping Xiao and Jia Luo
Spatial Polarization Characteristics of
Radar Antenna
Analysis, Measurement and Anti-jamming
Application
Huanyao Dai
State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on
Electronics and Information System, Luoyang, China
Xuesong Wang
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
Hong Xie
State Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on
Electronics and Information System, Luoyang, China
Shunping Xiao
National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
Jia Luo
Ningbo Institute of Microelectronic Applications Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
ISBN 978-981-10-8793-6 e-ISBN 978-981-10-8794-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8794-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937334
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Preface
Local wars of high technology in recent years show that the battlefield
awareness has gradually become the key factor to decide the outcome of a war.
Radars are one of the most widely used sensing systems in battlefields. They
play a more and more important role in modern wars. With the electromagnetic
environment in battlefields getting increasingly harsh, the anti-jamming
capability, intelligent identification capability, and survivability of radar systems
such as battlefield search, warning, guidance, and tracking guidance are
seriously restricted. For the complex and abominable battlefield environment in
future military warfare, it is urgently necessary for the radar systems to improve
anti-jamming capability.
The jamming and anti-jamming of existing radars are mostly carried out in
time, frequency, and space domains. The role and potential of polarization
information in anti-jamming has not yet been fully valued and studied.
Moreover, polarization is seldom considered in the design and tactical use of all
kinds of radar jamming modes. This also prompted experts, scholars, and other
researchers to continuously develop and utilize various polarization information
processing technologies to improve the detection capability and perception
capability of sensing systems. Besides information of time, frequency, and space
domains, polarization is also available important information of electromagnetic
waves. As an effective way to improve the anti-jamming and target identification
capabilities of radars, fully extracting polarization information makes
considerable room for improving the performances of modern radar system. If
radars have the capability of polarization measurement and can make full use of
the difference between target and jamming polarization information, they are
expected to achieve significant anti-jamming effects.
For more than half a century, with the development of radar polarization
measurement technology and gradually deepened understanding of the
electromagnetic scattering characteristics of targets, fruitful results have been
achieved in the radar polarization technology as an important branch of modern
radar technology, greatly promoting the development of modern radar
technology. More and more polarimetric radars have been developed and put
into operation, and a large number of polarimetric radars have been produced in
the USA, Canada, Italy, Germany, France, the UK, Holland, and other countries.
Most of the polarimetric radars adopt two orthogonal polarization channels, to
transmit multiple orthogonally polarized pulses alternately or simultaneously,
transmit multiple orthogonally polarized pulses alternately or simultaneously,
and receive signals simultaneously. The polarization state can be estimated by
processing several adjacent pulses. However, a common feature between the two
polarization measurement methods is that they both need dual-polarization
antenna and two polarization channels. This imposes rather stringent
requirements on the systematic design, complexity, and R&D funding of radars.
According to the antenna theory, in the far-field region at a given frequency
and space orientation, an antenna has a certain fixed polarization mode. The
polarization mode of antenna radiation field varies with the operating frequency
and space orientation. This means that polarization of the antenna is the function
of frequency and spatial orientation. Hence, this book presents a new concept,
namely the spatial polarization characteristic of antenna”. In the past research,
this characteristic was often regarded as an imperfect factor and not taken into
account. It was not the main research and development direction in the field of
radar polarization technology. However, to the development of radar information
processing theory, the spatial polarization characteristic of antenna has
contributed a new idea or new direction, reasonably using the “non-ideal
orthogonal basis” constituted by antenna spatial polarization variation to perform
target measurement and anti-jamming. Taking into consideration the experience
gained in the national defense preliminary research projects, the projects
supported by the National Natural Science Fund, and the “973” major basic
national security projects as carried out in the periods of the Tenth Five-Year
Plan and the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the authors, in recent years, have
achieved some research results of high academic and application significance in
the following aspects: characterization of spatial polarization characteristic of
antenna, polarization characteristic analysis and modeling, antenna polarization
measurement and new test method, measurement error correction method, and
new anti-jamming method and experiment based on spatial polarization
characteristic of antenna. Based mainly on these research results, and taking into
account the requirements of information equipment (including radars)
upgrading, we wrote this monograph in respect of spatial polarization
modulation effects of radar antenna and their processing technologies. Providing
a theoretical and technological summary in the field of radar signal processing
research is the intention of this monograph for reference by scientific and
technological personnel in this field.
Chapter 1 mainly summarizes the theory and application of radar
polarization information processing in such aspects as target recognition, target
detection, clutter suppression, and anti-jamming. Chapter 1 also points out the
shortcomings of existing research on radar polarization technology and
illustrates the scientific connotation and research trend of antenna spatial
polarization characteristic. In Chap. 2 , various characterization methods of
antenna spatial polarization characteristic are introduced, and the evolution law
of antenna spatial polarization is discussed with a dynamic and statistical point
of view. Chapters 3 – 5 are introduction to the basic theory. The spatial
polarization characteristics of wire antenna and aperture antenna are analyzed in
Chap. 3 with clear mathematical formula. Particularly, the parabolic reflector
antenna polarization characteristic is analyzed in detail, providing qualitative and
quantitative results through electromagnetic calculation and anechoic chamber
measurement. Chapter 4 discusses the spatial polarization characteristic of
phased array antenna. Similarity and difference in terms of spatial polarization
characteristic between phased array antenna and mechanical scan antenna are
indicated. Polarization characteristic variation during the azimuth and elevation
two-dimensional scan of phased array antenna is described through computer
simulation and high-frequency electromagnetic field calculation. A new method
for antenna polarization characteristic measurement and a method for error
correction are presented in Chap. 5 , mainly intended to realize fast and accurate
measurement in the field. Without requiring antenna removal, the methods can
realize effective measurement by just processing the signals received by the
radar. Indicating both steps and results of field measurement, these methods are
notable for high practicability, simple algorithm, and convenient use. They can
provide valuable data for reference, laying a foundation for making full use of
radar antenna polarization characteristic. Chapters 6 and 7 deal with application
of antenna spatial polarization characteristic. To solve the problems concerning
target identification and anti-jamming as encountered by a large number of
military mechanical scan radars, such as warning radars, target designation
radars, and guidance radars, new information processing methods are designed.
In-depth discussion is performed on application. With the antenna spatial
polarization characteristic considered, time series received at each spatial
position in the process of antenna scan are processed, to realize target scattering
matrix measurement, polarization measurement and suppression of jamming
signals, as well as polarization measurement and discrimination of true and false
targets. To ensure actual application of the polarization technology, the
following aspects are discussed thoroughly: compatibility of the polarization
technology with coherent processing, measurement accuracy improvement under
the influence of the automatic gain control system, and jamming suppression
parallel processing with the existence of elevation angle estimation error. Results
of both the simulation experiment and actual test demonstrate that the new
methods achieve better anti-jamming effects. This verifies the correctness,
feasibility, and superiority of these new methods. All of these methods are
implemented on traditional single-polarization radars. In other words, by
improving the signal processing software of the existing radars, it is possible to
provide these radars with a certain level of polarization information processing
capability, to obtain remarkable anti-jamming effects. At the end of this book is
a list of nearly 200 references on radar polarization information processing
methods. They are useful for those who wish to do research in this field or to
explore new polarization information processing technology.
Research results shown in this book have greatly expanded the scope of radar
polarization information processing technology and increased the contents of
radar polarization theory. Combination of the radar polarization information
processing technology with the anti-jamming measures based on time domain,
frequency domain, and spatial domain is expected to effectively improve the
anti-jamming and target identification capabilities of the existing radar systems,
hence their adaptability and survivability in complex battlefield environment.
The radar polarization information processing technology has a bright prospect
as far as application is concerned.
Authors of this book are Dr. Dai Huanyao (CEMEE Lab), Dr. Luo Jia, Prof.
Wang Xuesong (National University of Defense Technology), Prof. Xie
Hong(L), and Prof. Xiao Shunping. In the process of compilation, Senior
Engineer Kong Depei and Cui Yun Editor of the National Defense Industry
Press have provided us with great help. To them, we want to express our sincere
gratitude.
Since the compilation time is short and our academic knowledge is limited, it
is possible that mistakes exist in this book. Please inform us of such mistakes if
you find. Thank you.
Huanyao Dai
Xuesong Wang
Hong Xie
Shunping Xiao
Jia Luo
Luoyang, China, Changsha, China, Luoyang, China, Changsha, China,
Beijing, China October 2017
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Science Connotation and Progress of Antenna Spatial Polarization
Characteristic
1.1.1 Study Present Situation of Electromagnetic Wave Polarization
Property
1.1.2 Study Present Situation of Antenna Polarization Characteristic
1.1.3 Study Present Situation of Radar Polarimetry
1.2 Present Situation of Radar Polarization Information Processing and
Application
1.2.1 Polarization Target Classify and Identification
1.2.2 Polarization Detection
1.2.3 Polarization Anti-jamming
2 Connotation and Representation of Spatial Polarization Characteristic
2.1 Polarization Characterization of Electromagnetic Waves
2.1.1 Classic Description of the Electromagnetic Waves Polarization
2.1.2 Instantaneous Polarization Characterization of
Electromagnetic Waves
2.2 Primary Meaning of Antenna Spatial Polarization Characteristic
2.2.1 Antenna Polarization
2.2.2 Antenna Cross Polarization
2.2.3 Antenna Spatial Polarization Characteristic Connotation
2.3 Antenna Spatial Polarization Characterization
2.3.1 Classic Spatial Polarization Characteristics Description of
Antenna
2.3.2 Instantaneous Polarization Characterization Description of
Antenna
3 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Aperture Antenna
3.1 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Typical Wire Antenna
3.1.1 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Dipole Antenna
3.1.2 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Orthogonal Dipole
Antenna
3.1.3 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Coil Antenna
3.1.4 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Helical Antenna
3.2 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Typical Aperture Antenna
3.2.1 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Typical Equivalence
Aperture Distribution Antenna
3.2.2 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Typical Waveguide
Radiator
3.2.3 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Typical Horn Antenna
3.3 Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Offset Parabolic Antenna
3.3.1 Theoretical Calculation of Spatial Polarization Characteristics
of Offset Parabolic Antenna
3.3.2 Simulation Analysis of Spatial Polarization Characteristics of
Offset Parabolic Antenna
3.4 Actual Measurement Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Antenna