Table Of Content

SME Mining Engineering Handbook 2nd Edition Volume 1 Senior Editor Howard L. Hartman Professor Emeritus of Mining Engineering The University of Alabama Associate Editors Scott G. Britton Jan M. Mutmansky Vice President Professor, Dept. of Mineral Engineering Tanoma Mining Co. The Pennsylvania State University Donald W. Gentry W. Joseph Schlitt Head, Dept. of Mining Engineering Manager of Technology Colorado School of Mines Minerals, Metals, and Chemicals Brown & Root Braun Michael Karmis Madan M. Singh Professor and Head, Mining Engineering President Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Engineers International, Inc. State University Cosponsored by Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund of AlME Published by Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. Littleton, Colorado · 1992 Copyright © 1992 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. 2nd printing: December 1996 Printed in the United States of America by Cushing-Malloy, Inc., Ann Arbor, Ml All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-61198 ISBN 0-87335-100-2 Preface It was in 1918 that Robert Peele, assisted by 46 ment officials, journalists, attorneys, economists, collaborators, edited the first edition of the classic Mining and other interested individuals. Engineers’ Handbook. Like the second and third edi- “It is the careful selection of pertinent subject tions, released in 1927 and 1941, respectively, John matter and the manner and style in which it is Wiley & Sons, Inc., was the publisher. No doubt, there are presented, more than its organization, that distin- a number of mining engineers in practice today who guishes a handbook. However, the outline adopted remember and still refer to Peele’s highly regarded work. for the revised SME Handbook benefits from a By good fortune, in 1967, when a new handbook was logical, generic subdivision of mining engineering sorely needed and Wiley declined to publish a new knowledge; it is not unlike that of a comprehensive edition, the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME (now the textbook. But the contents of a handbook are quite Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.) different, because design principles, relevant equa- rose to the occasion. With Arthur B. Cummins as chair- tions and tables, conceptual methods, illustrative man of the Editorial Board and Ivan A. Given as editor, a examples, and case studies are stressed.” first edition of the new SME Mining Engineering Handbook appeared in late 1973. Timely and authoritative, it has Intentionally, this statement of purpose has guided our served the profession well for nearly two decades. labors throughout. There is now need for a new and completely revised Further objectives related to subject-matter coverage edition of the SME Handbook. Anticipating my coming and organization are as follows: retirement from The University of Alabama, I proposed to 1. Appropriate attention is given to all branches of the SME editorial staff in 1987 that a second edition be mining — metal, coal, and nonmetal — and to all locales published, and that I would be willing to serve as senior of mining — surface, underground, and hybrid. editor. Accordingly, we assembled an Editorial Board of 2. While major emphasis is placed on American 6 associate editors and 20 section coordinators, estab- mining, numerous references are made to practice abroad. lished a target release date of 1992, and set to work 3. To facilitate international usage of the Handbook, recruiting a collaborative team of 242 chapter authors. To mathematical and dimensional notations are cited in dual the credit of all contributors — and under the resolute units, generally English first followed by SI in parenthe- direction of first Marianne Snedeker and then Barbara ses. Dygert, SME Managers of Book Publishing —this latest 4. Appropriate references and/or bibliographies are edition of the SME Mining Engineering Handbook is grouped with each chapter for convenience. being published, on schedule, in 4 1/2 years! 5. Appendices follow the main body of the Hand- In one of its first transactions of business, the Editorial book. They consist largely of tables of data, supplement- Board grappled with a statement of purpose for the ing the text and useful for problem solving. proposed Handbook: Credit for any eminence these volumes may attain “By our thinking, a handbook is a comprehen- belongs to the individuals who shared their knowledge, sive reference work, containing the distilled body of time, and expertise gratuitously. But recognition for a knowledge that characterizes a disciplinary field. unique contribution properly goes to our professional While it may serve incidentally as an advanced text- organization, the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and book for students, its primary function is to provide Exploration: it is the Society’s enlightened policy of professional practitioners with an authoritative ref- disseminating and publishing knowledge for the profes- erence and design source. In a field as practice- sion that makes this SME Mining Engineering Handbook oriented as mining engineering, that is both a defini- possible. tive and demanding charge. Howard L. Hartman, Senior Editor “To a lesser extent, the handbook should also SME Mining Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed. serve nonprofessionals who seek technical knowl- Sacramento, California edge of the field of mining. These include govern- August 1992 iii Contributors Senior Editor Howard L. Hartman Professor Emeritus of Mining Engineering The University of Alabama Sacramento, CA Associate Editors Scott G. Britton* Michael Karmis W. Joseph Schlitt* Vice President Professor and Head Manager of Technology Tanoma Mining Co. Mining Engineering Minerals, Metals, and Chemicals Marion Center, PA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Brown & Root Braun State University Houston, TX Donald W. Gentry* Blacksburg, VA Head and Professor Madan M. Singh* Dept. of Mining Engineering Jan M. Mutmansky* President Colorado School of Mines Professor Engineers International, Inc. Golden, CO Dept. of Mineral Engineering Westmont, IL The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA * Also Section Coordinators Section Coordinators Charles W. Berry Drummond Co., Inc. G.T. Lineberry Professor of Mining Engineering Jasper, AL Associate Professor University of Utah Dept. of Mining Engineering Salt Lake City, UT Peter G. Chamberlain University of Kentucky Research Supervisor Lexington, KY Z.T. Bieniawski US Bureau of Mines Professor Minneapolis, MN M.K. McCarter Dept. of Mineral Engineering Professor and Chair The Pennsylvania State University Thomas V. Falkie Dept. of Mining Engineering University Park, PA President University of Utah Berwind Corp. Salt Lake City, UT Christopher J. Bise Philadelphia, PA Associate Professor George A. Mealey Dept. of Mineral Engineering Christopher Haycocks Chief Operating Officer The Pennsylvania State University Professor Freeport-McMoRan, Inc. University Park, PA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and New Orleans, LA State University Ernest Bohnet Blacksburg, VA Stephen A. Orr Vice President Chief Engineer Pincock, Allen & HoIt, Inc. William A. Hustrulid Homestake Mining Co. Lakewood, CO Professor San Francisco, CA Dept. of Mining Engineering Fred Brackebusch Colorado School of Mines Raja V. Ramani President Golden, CO Professor and Head Mine Systems Design Dept. of Mineral Engineering Kellogg, ID Willard C. Lacy The Pennsylvania State University Principal University Park, PA Bradley A. Brasfield Lacy & Associates Senior Mining Engineer Green Valley, AZ v vi SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Donald E. Ranta College of Engineering and Mines University of Kentucky Manager, North American The University of Arizona Lexington, KY Exploration Tucson, AZ Phelps Dodge Corp. Richard B. Stein Lakewood, CO Lee W. Saperstein Principal Engineer Professor and Chairman Bechtel Civil & Minerals, Inc. Michael Rieber Dept. of Mining Engineering San Francisco, CA Professor of Mineral Economics Authors L. Adler—Chap. 8.1 Robert C. Bates—Chap. 11.3 Mark L. Bricker—Chap. 14.3.1 Professor Retired Mgr. Corporate Environ- West Virginia University US Bureau of Mines ment & Engineering R.C. Aelick—Chap. 18.4 Thomas C. Bibb II—Chap. 21.4 Nerco Coal Co. Manager Manager of Engineering Scott G. Britton—Chaps. 8.6, 17.3 Creighton Mine, INCO Westmoreland Coal Co. Vice President Jon K. Ahlness—Chap. 15.3.3 Z.T. Bieniawski—Chaps. 10.0,10.5 Tanoma Mining Company Group Supervisor Professor John E. Caffrey—Chap. 7.2 US Bureau of Mines The Pennsylvania State Mining Consultant C.T. Aimone—Chap. 9.2.1 University Richard D. Call—Chap. 10.4 Professor and Chair F. Biggs—Chap. 12.2 Partner New Mexico Institute of US Bureau of Mines Call & Nicholas, Inc. Mining & Technology Donald J. Birak—Chap. 5.8.2 M.l. Callow—Chaps. 25.3.1, 25.3.2 E.K. Albert—Chap. 8.3 District Exploration Mgr. Principal Engineer Assistant Professor Independence Mining Co. Bechtel, Inc. The Pennsylvania State Christopher J. Bise—Chaps. 12.0, Robert E. Cameron—Chap. 8.3 University 12.8 Associate Professor G. Paul Anderson—Chap. 14.3.2 Professor Colorado School of Mines Mine Manager The Pennsylvania State V. Anthony Cammarota, Jr.— Kerr-McGee University Chap. 2.2 Sterling J. Anderson—Chap.22.9.3 George R. Bockosh—Chap. 11.9 Chief, Division of Policy Mining Engineer Research Supervisor Analysis US Bureau of Mines US Bureau of Mines US Bureau of Mines Thomas Atkinson—Chaps. 13.2.3, Ernest L. Bohnet—Chaps.16.0- Abel F. Cepeda-Díaz—Chap. 10.1 13.3., 13.4., 13.6 16.3 Principal Consultant Vice President Engineering Solutions & Atkinson Mining Services Pincock, Allen & HoIt, Inc. Services, Inc. Dennis Arrouet—Chap. 2.5 B.P. Boisen—Chap. 10.3 Robert F. Chaiken—Chap. 22.6 Vice President Finance & General Manager Research Chemist Chief Financial Officer Slope Indicator Co. US Bureau of Mines Minorco (U. S. A.) Inc. C.M.K. Boldt—Chap. 12.2 Peter G. Chamberlain—Chaps. Khosrow Badiozamani—Chap. 8.4 US Bureau of Mines 22.9.1 -22.9.7 General Manager Fred W. Brackebusch—Chaps. Research Supervisor Morrison Knudsen Envir- 19.0, 19.1 US Bureau of Mines onmental Serv. Group President H.S. Chiang—Chap. 20.1 Vern Baker—Chap. 18.5 Mine Systems Design Research Professor Mine Planning Engineer Bradley A. Brasfield—Chap. 7.0 West Virginia University Homestake Mine Senior Mining Engineer Randall E. Connolly—Chap. 12.2 Sukumar Bandopadhyay—Chap. Drummond Co., Inc. US Bureau of Mines 11.10� C.D. Breeds—Chap. 22.1 J.J. Conway—Chap. 22.1 Associate Professor Consultant Consultant University of Alaska- Subterra, Inc. Subterra Engineering Ltd. Fairbanks SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK vii J. Alan Coope—Chap. 4.5 Charles O. Frush—Chap. 8.2.1 Michael Hood—Chap. 9.1 Dir. of Geochemistry (deceased) Associate Professor Newmont Exploration prev. Professor University of California- Limited Colorado School of Mines Berkeley Edward Cording—Chap. 10.1 J.L. Gent—Chap. 12.5 Wayne R. Hopkins—Chaps. Consultant Mining Engineer 25.4.2, 25.4.3 Wallace E. Crandall—Chap. 19.3 Donald W. Gentry—Chaps. 6.0- Minproc Corp. Retired 6.2, 6.5 Matthew J. Hrebar—Chaps. Hecla Mining Co. Professor and Head 13.2.1, 13.2.2 Michael J. Cruickshank— Colorado School of Mines Associate Professor Chap.22.8 Leslie Gertsch—Chap. 12.2 Colorado School of Mines Technical Director US Bureau of Mines Dean K. Hunt—Chap. 7.3 Marine Minerals Tech. Ctr. Richard E. Gray—Chap. 8.7 President Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa Senior Vice President Challenge Engineering Thomas C. Doe—Chap. 5.8.2 GAI Consultants, Inc. Construction, Inc. District Exploration Mgr. Thomas A. Gray—Chap. 8.7 William Hustrulid—Chap. 10.3 Independence Mining Co. Engineering Manager Professor Gerald C. Dohm, Jr.—Chap.13.1.2 GAI Consultants, Inc. Colorado School of Mines Project Manager Bernard L. Grove—Chap. 14.1.7 Bruce Johnson—Chaps. 11.4, Unocal Engineering & Vice President of Aggre- 11.7.1 Construction gates President Charles H. Dowding—Chap. 9.2.1 Genstar Stone Prod. Co. Zephyrus Mining Consult- Professor Gordon E. Gumble—Chap. 5.4 ants Northwestern University American Assay Laborato- Douglas E. Julin—Chap. 20.3 Peter G. Dunn—Chap. 5.8 ries, Inc. Mining Consultant Consulting Geologist Donald D. Haas—Chap. 6.4 L. Michael Kaas—Chap. 3.4 Fred A. Edwards—Chap. 17.5 Dir. of Mine Engineering Chief, Resource Evalu- President Green International, Inc. ation Dynatec Engineering Ltd. Douglas F. Hambley—Chap. 10.7 US Bureau of Mines A.J. Erickson, Jr.—Chaps. 5.2, 5.3 Geological Engineering & Kenneth P. Katen—Chap. 3.3 Geological Advisor Environmental Consultant President Exxon Coal & Minerals Co. W.H. Hansmire—Chap. 24.1 Katen and Associates, Inc. Ian Farmer—Chap. 18.1 MRTC Francis S. Kendorski—Chap. 10.7 Consulting Engineer Jack Haptonstall—Chap. 18.3 Regional Director-Mining I.W. Farmer & Partners Manager & Minerals David W. Farnsworth— Homestake Mining Co. Dunn Corporation Chap.14.1.5 Keith M. Hargrove—Chap. 21.4 V.P. Kenyen—Chaps. 25.3.1- Superintendent, Mining Mining Engineering 25.3.4, 25.3.6, 25.3.7 Performance Prod. Div. Supervisor Senior Project Engineer Chemical Group of Westmoreland Coal Co. Brown & Root Braun Monsanto Co. Howard L. Hartman–Preface, Robert H. King—Chaps. 12.5, 22.2 G.L. Finfinger—Chap. 22.5 Chaps. 1.0, 1.2 Professor Research Supervisor Professor Emeritus Colorado School of Mines US Bureau of Mines Univ. of Alabama Steven J. Kirk—Chap. 14.3.2 Roger W. Fish—Chap. 14.3.4 Christopher Haycocks—Chaps. Project Engineer Engineer 18.0, 18.2, 18.4 Centennial Engineering North American Coal Co. C.T. Holland Professor & Research, Inc. Andre Fourie—Chap. 13.1.1 Virginia Polytechnic Fred N. Kissell—Chap. 11.2 Consulting Mining Engi- Institute & State Univer- Research Supervisor neer sity US Bureau of Mines Johannesburg Consolida- William G. Holroyd—Chap. 2.7 Richard J. Kline—Chap. 17.1 ted Investment Co., Ltd. Vice President Manager, Mine Planning Earl M. Frizzell—Chap. 13.5 F&S Alloys & Minerals Island Creek Coal Co. Mining Engineer Corp. US Bureau of Mines viii SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Jeffery L. Kohler—Chap. 12.6 Joseph W. Martin—Chap. 22.6 Jan M. Mutmansky—Chaps. 23.0, Associate Professor Chemical Engineer 23.3 The Pennsylvania State US Dept. of Energy Professor University Thomas W. Martin-Chap. 13.5 The Pennsylvania State Dennis Krantz—Chap. 21.3 Supervisory Mining University Silver King Mines Engineer Paul Nesbitt—Chap. 7.4 J. Wayne Kulig—Chap. 2.6 US Bureau of Mines Nesbitt Engineering Co. Administrator Raymond G. Mateer—Chap. 5.8.3 David E. Nicholas—Chaps. 23.1, National Defense Stockpile Vice President 23.4 Rudolf Kvapil—Chap. 20.2 Cyprus Coal Company Partner President M.K. McCarter—Chaps. 14.0- Call & Nicholas, Inc. MUS, Inc. 14.3.0,14.4.0 Dan Nilsson—Chap. 23.2 Dennis J. Lachel—Chap. 24.4 Professor and Chair Mining Consultant President University of Utah Henry Krumb School of Lachel & Associates David B. McDonald—Chap. 14.3.3 Mines John C. Lacy—Chap. 1.1 Retired Alan C. Noble—Chap. 5.6 Partner prev. Colowyo Coal Co. Ore Reserves Engineering DeConcini, MacDonald, A.W.K. McDowell—Chap. 15.1.4 Brian Nolk—Chap. 25.5 Brammer, Yetwin & Lacy Consultant Metal Bulletin Willard C. Lacy—Chap. 1.1 Wayne N McKee—Chap. 14.3.7 Thomas Novak—Chap. 12.4 Principal Manager, Mine Production Associate Professor Lacy & Associates Syncrude Canada Ltd. University of Alabama Markus J. Ladd—Chap. 7.2 Charles A. McLean—Chaps. T. Alan O’Hara—Chap. 6.3, 23.3 President 15.1.1-15.1.5, 15.1.7 Consulting Mining Engi- Mingo Logan Coal Co. ConsuIting Placer Mining neer Robert H. Lambeth—Chap. 12.2 Engineer Thomas J. O’Neil—Chaps. 6.1, US Bureau of Mines Thomas D. McWaters— 6.2, 6.5 David A. Larson—Chap. 22.9.2 Chap.15.1.6 Senior Vice President Mining Engineer Senior Staff Engineer Cleveland Cliffs, Inc. US Bureau of Mines Magma Copper Company Steve Olson—Chap. 14.3.8 Laurence H. Lattman—Chap. 1.3 L.P. Meade—Chap. 14.2.1 Area Manager President Geologist Agrico Chemical Company New Mexico Institute of Geomapping Associates Stephen A. Orr—Chaps. 21.0, 21.1 Mining & Technology J.M. Mercier—Chap. 5.8.3 Financial Analyst Joseph W.R. Lawson II—Chap.8.5 Chief Geologist Homestake Mining Co. President Cyprus Coal Company Kelly Osborne—Chap. 18.5 SESCO Management Robert A. Metz—Chap. 5.3 Mine & Maintenance Consultants Senior Geologist Superintendent William C. Lawson—Chap. 15.3.3. Phelps Dodge Mining Co. J.M. Huber Corporation Manager, Advanced Daniel J. Millenacker—Chap. A.P. Paolini—Chap. 17.2 Mining Division 15.3.3 Senior Product Manager US Bureau of Mines Hydrologist Dresser Industries, Inc. David P. Lindroth—Chap. 22.9.4 US Bureau of Mines William G. Pariseau—Chap. 10.2 Research Physicist J.E. Monsees—Chap. 24.1 Professor US Bureau of Mines MRTC University of Utah G.T. Lineberry—Chaps. 17.0, 17.2 James Morgan—Chap. 8.2.2 (App. Walter A. Paroni—Chap. 19.2 Associate Professor A) Consulting Mining Engi- University of Kentucky Vice President neer George W. Luxbacher—Chap.17.1 L. Robert Kimball & Assoc. Clayton J. Parr—Chaps. 3.2, 3.4 Director of Mergers & Lloyd A. Morley—Chap. 12.4 Member Acquisitions Professor and Head Kimball, Parr, Waddoups, Island Creek Coal Co. University of Alabama Brown & Gee Leonard C. Marraccini—Chap.11.8 Roger J. Morrell—Chap. 22.9.2 Syd S. Peng—Chap. 20.1 Supervisory Physicist Group Supervisor Chairman, Dept. of Mining US Dept. of Labor-MSHA US Bureau of Mines Engineering West Virginia University SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK ix William C. Peters—Chaps. 4.3, 5.1 Donald L. Schaible—Chap. 7.1 The Pennsylvania State Mining Geologist Vice President University Behre Dolbear & Co., Inc. Paul Weir Company David A. Summers—Chap. 22.3 Dwayne D. Piepenburg— John J. Schanz, Jr.—Chap. 3.1 Director Chap. 24.4 Adjunct Professor High-Pressure Water Jet Senior Scientist Colorado School of Mines Laboratory Logicon, RDA W. Joseph Schlitt—Chaps. 15.0, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla R.S. Pizarro—Sec. 25.3.5 15.2, 25.3.0 John S. Sumner—Chap. 4.4 Senior Metallurgist Manager of Technology Professor Emeritus Kilborn Management Serv. Brown & Root Braun University of Arizona Egon R. Podnieks—Chap. 22.9.6 Robert D. Schmidt—Chap. 15.3.3 Robert L. Sundeen—Chap. 12.7 US Bureau of Mines Group Supervisor Consulting Mining Engi- Edwin V. Post—Chap. 5.4 US Bureau of Mines neer Skyline Labs, Inc. Tim Scott—Chap. 21.3 A.W. Swanson—Chap. 14.1.3 K.V.K. Prasad—Chap. 23.3 Operations Superintendent General Manager Research Scientist US Tungsten Corporation Pickands Mather & Co. Amoco Prod. Co. D’Arty Shock—Chap. 15.3.2 Richard Sweigard—Chap. 9.3 William L. Price—Chap. 25.2 Consultant Associate Professor Vice President Garth H. Sibbald—Chap. 2.5 University of Kentucky Technical Associates Mineral Economist AlIan D. Taylor—Chap. 25.1 Raja V. Ramani—Chaps. 11.0, Whitney & Whitney, Inc. Senior Principal Engineer 11.1,11.6,11.7.2 Madan M. Singh—Chaps.10.6, Bechtel Corporation Professor and Head 24.0 S.D. Thompson—Chap. 8.1 The Pennsylvania State President Assistant Professor University Engineers International, University of lllinois- Gene Rand—Chap. 14.3.6 Inc. Urbana Executive Assistant Gerald C. Smith—Chap. 14.1.2 John E. Tilton—Chap. 2.1 Texas Utilities Mining Co. (deceased) William J. Coulter profes- Donald E. Ranta—Chaps. 5.0, 5.7 prev. General Superinten- sor and Head Manager, Exploration dent of Mining Colorado School of Mines Phelps Dodge Mining Co. Newmont Mining Corp. C. Richard Tinsley—Chap. 6.6 Frederick H. Richard—Chap. 8.5 Harold M. Smolnikar—Chap.14.4.1 Director, Project Finance Director Management Manager Indosuez Australia Ltd. Development & Training Arch of Kentucky, Inc. Spencer R. Titley—Chap. 4.2 SESCO Management Marianne Snedeker—lndex Professor Consultants Consultant University of Arizona Donald R. Richner—Chap. 15.3.1 Bernard W. Solomon—Chap. 8.2 Mike Tracy—Chap. 7.0 Senior Geologist/Engineer President Drummond Co., Inc. PB-KBB Inc. Aerial Design Data Michael A. Trevits—Chap. 22.5 Thomas E. Ricketts—Chap. 22.7 Richard B. Stein—Chaps. 25.0, 25.4 Supervisory Geologist Science Applications Inter- Principal Engineer US Bureau of Mines national Corp. Bechtel Group Ira Joe Tussey—Chap. 14.3.5 Michael Rieber—Chap. 2.0 David L. Stevens—Chap. 5.8.2 Chief Engineer Professor Senior Vice President Agipcoal USA, Inc. University of Arizona Independence Mining Co. Daryl R. Tweeton—Chap. 15.3.3 Frank R. Roxborough—Chap. 9.1 Bill M. Stewart-Chap. 12.2 Research Physicist Professor and Head US Bureau of Mines US Bureau of Mines University of New South Simon D. Strauss—Chap. 2.3 Jeffery D. Tygesen—Chap. 14.1.1 Wales Consultant Operations Superintendent Lee W. Saperstein—Chap. 9.0 Gary M. Stubblefield—Chap. 14.3.4 BP Minerals Professor and Chairman Vice President Operations Kot F. Unrug—Chap. 17.4 University of Kentucky Trapper Mining Inc. Professor George A. Savanick—Chaps. 22.4, Stanley C. Suboleski—Chaps. 6.3, University of Kentucky 22.9.5 8.3, 23.3 Jim D. Vickery—Chap. 12.2 US Bureau of Mines Professor and Chairman US Bureau of Mines x SME MINING ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Donald L. Vieth—Chap. 24.3 Richard Warner—Chap. 12.1 George B. Whitman—Chap. 14.1.6 Deputy Assistant Mgr. Professor Manager of Engineering US Dept. of Energy University of Kentucky The Pittsburg & Midway J.W. Villar—Chap. 14.1.3 Robert W. Waytulonis—Chap. 11.5 Coal Mining Co. Senior Vice President Mechanical Engineer John W. Whitney—Chap. 2.5 Cleveland Cliffs, Inc. US Bureau of Mines President Michael D. Voegele—Chap. 24.3 John A. Wells—Chap. 25.4.1 Whitney & Whitney, Inc. Project Manager Chief Metallurgist David C. Willett—Chap. 24.2 Science Applications lnter- Kilborn Inc. Vice President national Corporation Thomas G. White—Chap. 21.2 Acres International Corp. Thomas N. Walthier—Chap. 4.6 Manager of Operations Donald K. Winsor—Chap. 14.1.4 (deceased) Homestake Mining Co. Consultant prev. Dahlhold Resources Kenneth L. Whitehead—Chap. 11.9 Jon C. Yingling—Chap. 9.4 Milton H. Ward—Chap. 8.6 Project Engineer-Mechani- Associate Professor Chairman and Chief cal University of Kentucky Operating Officer SSI Services, Inc. Eric G. Zahl—Chap. 12.2 Cyprus Minerals Company US Bureau of Mines Acknowledgment Thanks are due to Lee R. Rice for his special efforts and help in the production of this Handbook. Contents Preface • By Howard L. Hartman . . . . . . . . iii Editorial Board . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . vi Vol 1 Section 1 Introduction to Mining . . . . . . . . 3 2 Mineral Economics . . . . . . . . 43 3 Government Role and lnﬂuence in Mining . . . . . 123 4 Mineral Prospecting and Exploration . . . . . . 205 5 Project and Mining Geology . . . . . . . 281 6 Mine Evaluation and Investment Analysis . . . . . 387 7 Mine Development . . . . . . . . 483 8 Mine Exploitation . . . . . . . . 529 9 Production Operations . . . . . . . 677 10 Geomechanics . . . . . . . . 807 11 Environmental Health and Safety . . . . . . 989 12 Auxiliary Operations . . . . . . . . 1155 Index . . . . . . . . . . I-1 Vol 2 13 Surface Mine Development . . . . . . . 1273 14 Surface Mining: Mechanical Extraction Methods . . . . 1365 15 Surface and Hybrid Mining: Aqueous Extraction Methods . . . 1453 16 Surface Mining: Comparison of Methods . . . . . 1529 17 Underground Mine Development . . . . . . 1543 18 Underground Mining: Self-Supported Methods. . . . . 1679 19 Underground Mining: Supported Methods . . . . . 1741 20 Underground Mining: Caving Methods. . . . . . 1779 21 Underground Mining: Comparison of Methods . . . . . 1837 22 Novel and Innovative Mining Methods . . . . . . 1869 23 Evaluation of Mining Methods and Systems . . . . . 2049 24 Openings for Nonmining Purposes . . . . . . 2107 25 Postmining Operations . . . . . . . 2161 Appendix . . . . . . . . . A-1 Index . . . . . . . . . . I-1