Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

275 Pages·2023·15.386 MB·English

by  Facibeni A.

Silver Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Anna Facibeni
Published by
Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
101 Thomson Road
#06-01, United Square
Singapore 307591
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.jennystanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form
Copyright © 2023 by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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ISBN 978-981-4968-21-8 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-003-27895-5 (eBook)
Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

ix
1. Once Upon a T ime Silver x1i

1.1 Throu gh the History 1

1.1.1 The Importance of Names 1
1.1.2 Silver D i ffusion in the Antiquity 5

1.1.3 Main Uses of Silver in the Past and the

Present 8

1.1.3.1 Silverware an d jewels 8

1.1.3.2 The coins around the world 14

1.1.3.3 Photography 21

1.1.3.4 Awards and mirrors 26
1.1.3.5 Brazing a n d soldering 27

1.1.3.6 Energy, electronics,

medicine 28

1.1.4 Curiosities
31
1.2 Learn About Silver 35

1.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of
Silver 37

1.2.2 Silver Extraction and Recovery

Methods 43

1.2.3 Silver C ompounds 52

1.2.4 Silver Coordination Compounds 55

1.3 Speak ing Nano 60

1.3.1 Observation 62

1.3.2 Size Effect in Nanoparticles 64

1.3.2.1 Surfac e atoms 65

1.3.2.2 Quantum effect 67

1.3.2.3 Color 71
2. M1.4e thodTso fdora yS’islv Aepr pNlaicnaotpioanrt oicfl eSsil vPeror dNuacntioopna rticles 7841

2.1 Build or Tear Down? 81
vi Contents

2.1.1 Top-Down Approach 82
2.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach 82

2.2 What to Choose Between Chemical and

Physical Way? 83

2.2.1 Physical Methods 84

2.2.1.1 Thermal evaporation 84

2.2.1.2 Spark discharge 86

2.2.1.3 Laser ablation deposition

(LAD) 87

2.2.2 Chemical Methods 90

2.2.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition 91

2.2.2.2 Reducing agents 91

2.2.2.3 Radiation synthesis 93

2.2.2.4 Electrochemical 94

2.2.3 Biological Methods 95
3. T2e.3x tiles Garnede An gCNhPesm istry 19063

3.1 Textiles Over the Centuries 103

3.2 Classification 107

3.2.1 Natural 110

3.2.1.1 Wool and silk 111

3.2.1.2 Flax and cotton 114

3.2.1.3 Others 116

3.2.1.4 The birth of the loom 120

3.2.2 Man-Made 124

3.2.2.1 Artificial fibers: rayon 127

3.2.2.2 Synthetic fibers: nylon,

polyester, acrilic 129

3.3 Improve the Performance 134

3.3.1 Increased Fire Resistance or Flame

Retardance 137

3.3.2 UV Protection 140

3.3.3 Water, Oil, and Dirt Repellent 146

3.3.4 Antimicrobial Coatings 149

3.4 Method to Functionalize AgNPs to Materials 153

3.4.1 Dipping 155

3.4.2 Sonochemical 155
3.4.3 Layer-by-Layer Deposition 157
Contents vii
4. In situ Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 161

4.1 A Long Time Ago 161

4.2 Colloids 164

4.2.1 Lyophilic and Lyophobic Colloids 165

4.3 Fast and Soft Reductant for Silver 169

4.3.1 The First One: Trisodium Citrate 171

4.3.1.1 Brief history 171

4.3.1.2 The mechanism of

reduction 172

4.3.2 The Second One: Ascorbic Acid 173

4.3.2.1 Brief history 173

4.3.2.2 The mechanism of

reduction 175
4.4 Experimental Section 176

4.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscope

Images of Various Samples 177
in situ

4.4.1.1 Difference between

dipping and 184

4.5 Different Ways of Application: Wet and Spray 187

4.5.1 By Solution 188
5. Antibact4e.5ri.a2l ProBpye rStpiersa yoifn Sgi lver Nanoparticles 119917

5.1 Introduction 197

5.2 Kind of Bacteria 199
5.3 Antibiotics 201

5.3.1 How to Evaluate the Efficacy of an

Antibiotic? 202

5.4 Diffusion Methods 204

5.4.1 Antimicrobial Gradient Method

(E-test) 205

5.5 Dilution Methods 206

5.6 Thin-Layer Chromatography: Bioautography 208
in vitro

5.7 Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles 211

5.7.1 Test Results 214

5.7.1.1 Agar disk diffusion test 214

5.7.1.2 AATCC test method

100–2004 216
5.8 Small News 222
viii Contents
6. An Exciting and Instructive Experience:

Academia–Industry Collaboration 227

6.1 Dyeing 228

6.2 Mattress Toppers 230

6.3 Diabetic Socks 232

6.4 Packaging 234

6.5 Air Filtration 236

6.6 Wool 237

6.7 Electromagnetic Shielding 240
I ndex 6.8 More Ideas 242

253
Preface

The use of silver as a purifying agent was recognized nearly six
thousand years ago when the Egyptians used it to purify waragteenr ttuhmat.
had to be stored for long periods of time. The chemical symbol for
sairlgveenr tiusm Ag, which has been derived from its Latin name arguros
T(άhρeγ mυρeοtςa)l was named so because of it had brilliant luster. The word
has its roots in the Greek name for the element
, meaning “bright” or “shining.” It is one of the nine
elements known since antiquity along with carbon, gold, copper,
sulfur, tin, lead, mercury, and iron.
In the 1300s, the Catholic Church specifically chose silver for its
cups and trays for the Eucharist to prevent the spread of diseases
between priests and practitioners. In 1884, the German physician
F. Crade stopped the disease that caused blindness of generations
of babies, using a drug whose effectiveness was attributed to silver
as an active ingredient. These outcomes are the reason that silver
treatments have survived over the years. The power of silver is the
reason behind this book.
Nowadays, infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and
fungi are growing even further due to the acquired antimicrobial
resistance (characterized by multiple mechanisms) besides intrinsic
resistance. Consequently, typical treatments have become ineffective,
increasing the risk of spreading. Assistant director general for health
security of WHO, Dr Keiji Fukuda, says
“This is the single greatest challenge in infectious diseases today.
All types of microbes—including many viruses and parasites—are
becoming resistant to medicines. Of particularly urgent concern is
the development of bacteria that are progressively less treatable by
available antibiotics. This is happening in all parts of the world, so all
countries must do their part to tackle this global threat.”
In other words, the issue is urgent.
Textiles can be considered as a major channel for the spread of
infectious diseases. To reduce risk from this source, antibacterial
agents should be used for textiles. Along with reducing the risk of
x Preface
infection, another incentive for their use if preventing unpleasant
odors in textiles. However, frequent washings may damage expensive
textiles like silk and cashmere. In some conditions, washing may also
be difficult, such as in case of automotive interiors and motorcycle
helmets.
Using metals in textiles may be a solution to this problem. In
recent years, many books on the use of silver nanoparticles have been
published but very few are on their use in textiles. I have carried out
studies on silver nanoparticles for several years, not only in terms
of the synthesis but also the morphological characterization of the
substrate to which they were applied. In this book, I discuss the studies
with respect to the various synthesis techniques and properties of
silver nanoparticles and their advantages and disadvantages, role in
environmental safety, applications, and outcomes.
I hope this book will capture the attention of not only scientists
but also students of nanotechnology, textile specialistAs,n annad F apceiobpenlei
willing to expand their knowledge of this field. Autumn 2022