Sediment and Ecohydraulics: INTERCOH 2005

495 Pages·2008·34.419 MB·1-502\495

by  Tetsuya Kusuda, Hiroyuki Yamanishi, Jeremy Spearman and Joseph Z. Gailani (Eds.)

Preface
Cohesive sediment transport is implicated in problems concerning both human activities
and the environment. It leads to repeated dredging of navigation channels and to changes
in the characteristics of habitats. When rich in organics, it can lead to poorly oxygenated
conditions and mortality of organisms. In spite of these conflicts, research into this subject
is still developing. There is a phrase in Japanese "to fall into mud". This means to be
absorbed into complexity and not to be able to find any solution. Once started, research
into cohesive sediment will never cease due to its fascinatingly complex nature. Just as for
previous INTERCOH conferences, 1NTERCOH 2005 (the 8th International Conference
on Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport) enabled its participants to
progress our understanding of cohesive sediment behavior and to appreciate the intricacies
of this natural phenomenon.
This book is based on papers in the INTERCOH 2005 and peer-reviewed by some referees
in the appropriate professional field. There were 221 participants at the conference from all
over the world, which is a record. The time and resources contributed by each participant
were equally critical to making INTERCOH 2005 a great experience in exchanging new
knowledge and exploring new approaches for understanding cohesive sediment dynamics.
Based on this, we publish "Sediment and Ecohydraulics" which includes 32 papers selected
from the papers presented at the conference. eW hope this book serves future research,
education, and business.
eW have to extend sincere thanks to many organizations and relevant persons. Financial
support from INTERCOH; Institute of Lowland Technology- Saga University; Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science; Commemorative Organization for the Japan World
Exposition '70; Nonprofit Organization- Association of Ariake Bay Restoration; Port and
Airport Research Institute; Saga City; Lowland Research Association; Japan Society of
Water Environment - Kyushu Branch; and Japan Society of Civil Engineers - Seibu
Branch made INTERCOH 2005 possible.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japan Society of Water Environment, Saga Prefectural
Government, Saga Municipal Government, and Saga University jointly supported
INTERCOH 2005.
1NTERCOH 2005 was organized under the initiative of .rD Shigenori Hayashi, Saga
University, and his colleagues, who naturally deserve special thanks.
Finally, we would like to extend our thanks to Ms. Takara Matsuu, Ms. Kumiko
Mikuriya, and Ms. Mariko Yahiro for helping with the logistics of the conference, and
Ms. Noriko Mitsuyasu and Ms. Yoriko Yamamoto for their editing assistance.
vi ecaferP
Additional information about INTERCOH conferences and proceedings volumes, past
and future, may be viewed at www.intercoh.com.
Tetsuya Kusuda
tnemtrapeD of latnemnorivnE gnireenignE
ehT ytisrevinU of uhsuykatiK
Hiroyuki Yamnishi
etutitsnI of Lowland ygolonhceT
agaS ytisrevinU
Jeremy Spearman
stsaoC and seirautsE puorG
RH drofgnillaW Ltd
Joseph Z. Gailani
.SU Army Corps of sreenignE
reenignE hcraeseR dna retneC tnempoleveD
List of Contributors
Sumie ebA Florence Cayocca
IDEA Consultants Inc., 3-15-1, IFREMER, D6partement ,OCENYD
Setagaya-ku, Komazawa, oykoT Laboratoire PHYSED, .P.B ,07 29280
,5858-451 Japan France Plouzan6,
co.jp ab20406@ideacon, [email protected]
Stefanie Adam Jin-Chun Chai
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Architecture and Civil
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjo,
Hydraulics Laboratory, Kasteelpark Saga 840-8502, Japan
Arenberg ,04 3001-Heverlee, Belgium [email protected]
,einafets [email protected]
Jiang Cheng
Arai Kohei State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and
Department of Information Science, Coastal Research, East China Normal
Honjo University, Saga ,1 Saga University, 3663 North Zhongshan Rd.,
840-8502, Japan Shanghai 200062, China
[email protected] [email protected]
Araki Hiroyuki eaH Chong O
Institute of Lowland ,ygolonhceT Saga Department of School Graduate of reitnorF
Honjo University, ,1 Saga 840-8502, ,secneicS University of ,oykoT Japan
Japan Saga, [email protected]
[email protected]
Petra .T.J Dankers
Philippe Bassoullet University Delft Engineering, Hydraulic
IFREMER, D6partement ,OCENYD of ,ygolonhceT .O.P Box 5048, 2600 GA
Laboratoire PHYSED, .P.B ,07 29280 Delft, the Netherlands
France Plouzan6, [email protected]
[email protected]
Annelies De Backer
Benoit Camenen Universiteit Gent, Department of ,ygoloiB
Cemagref Lyon, 3 bis quai Chauveau Krijgslaan Marine Biology Section, 182
PC 220, 69336 Lyon cedex ,90 France ,8$ Belgium 9000-Ghent,
[email protected] Gent.be debacker@U lies. anne
Philippe Cann eA.J. dMichel Nijs
IFREMER, D6partement ,OCENYD ,noitceMechanics SFluid Environmental
Laboratoire PHYSED, .P.B ,07 29280 University Delft of ,ygolonhceT .O.P xoB
Plouzan6, France ,8405 2600 AG Delft, eht Netherlands
[email protected] m.a.j, jined 1 @tude s .tf nl
viii List of srotubirtnoC
Degraer Steven .S Abbas Haghshenas
Universiteit Gent, Department of ,ygoloiB Civil Engineering Department,
Krijgslaan Marine Biology Section, 182 K.N. Toosi University of ,ygolonhceT
,8$ Belgium 9000-Ghent, No. 1346, Vali-Asr Street, P.C. 19697,
[email protected] Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
Jian Di
.tS Johns River Water Management Nguyen Thi Minh Hang
District, Palatka, FL 32178, USA Graduate School of Science and
[email protected] Engineering, Saga University,
Honjo ,1 Saga 840-8502, Saga,
Dirk Ditschke Japan
Blue Ridge Numerics GmbH, [email protected]
Espenhausen ,01 35091 Coelbe, Germany
[email protected]
Shigenori Hayashi
Institute of Lowland ,ygolonhceT Saga
Nguyen Cao Don
,ytisrevinU 1 Honjo, Saga 840-8502,
Institute of Lowland ,ygolonhceT Saga
Japan
Honjo University, ,1 Saga 840-8502,
saga-u.ac hayashi@ilt, pj.
Japan Saga,
[email protected]
Earl .J Hayter
.S.U Environmental Protection ,ycnegA
Manoochehr Fathi-Moghaddam
Athens, GA 30605, USA
School of Water Sciences Engineering,
.retyaH epa. @epamail. Earl vog
Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
[email protected]
Qing He
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and
Neil .K Ganju
Coastal Research, East China Normal
.S.U Geological Placer Survey, Hall, 6000
University, 3663 North Zhongshan Rd.,
J Street, CA Sacramento, 95819, USA;
Shanghai 200062, China
University of California, Department of
[email protected]
Engineering, Environmental and Civil enO
Shields ,eunevA Davis, AC 95616, USA
[email protected] Hiromasa Igata
Regional Kyushu Development Bureau,
Nicolas Gratiot Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
Laboratoire d'rtude Transferts des en Transport, 29-1 Higashi-Yamato-cho ,2
Hydrologie et Environnement, .P.B ;59 Shimonoseki City, ihcugamaY
3201 rue ed piscine, la 38041 Grenoble 750-0066, Japan
Cedex France @pa.qsr.mlit.go.jp igata-h87s3
[email protected], fr
Masahiko Isobe
Norbert Greiser Department of Graduate School of
.rD Greiser und Partner, Postfach ,7061 Frontier Sciences, University of ,oykoT
D-21497 Geesthacht, Deutschland Japan
greiserundpartner@arcor, ed [email protected]
List of srotubirtnoC ix
Jacobs Walter Pierre Le Hir
tnemtrapeD of Civil ,gnireenignE lacinhceT IFREMER, D6partement DYNECO,
ytisrevinU of Delft, gewnivetS ,1 2628 CN Laboratoire PHYSED, .P.B ,07
Delit, eht dnalrehteN 29280 Plouzan6, France
[email protected] [email protected]
Mamta Jain Lee Dong-Young
Halcrow ,APH 4010 Boy Scout ,draveluoB Korea Ocean Research
Suite 580, Tampa, FL 33607, USA and Development Institute,
moc.worclah@MniaJ Ansan .O.P Box ,92 Seoul 425-600,
Korea
Herv6 Jestin [email protected]
IFREMER, D6partement DYNECO,
Laboratoire PHYSED, .P.B ,07 29280
Patrick Lesueur
Plouzan6, France
Laboratoire ed Morphodynamique
hjestin@ifremer, fr
Continentale et Universit6 C6ti~re, ed
Caen, France
See-Whan Kang
fr patrick.lesueur@unicaen,
Korea Ocean Research and Development
Institute, Ansan .O.P Box ,92 Seoul 425-
Megan .A Lionberger
600, Korea
United States Geological ,yevruS
[email protected]
Placer Hall, 6000 J Street,
Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
Akio Kaya
[email protected]
National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and ,ygolonhceT Tsukuba,
Ibaraki, 305-8564, Japan Federico Maggi
[email protected] Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Berkeley Water Center,
Robert Kirby Universtity of California,
Ravensrodd Consultants Ltd, 6 Queens Berkeley CA 94720-1710, USA
Drive, Taunton, Somerset, 1AT ,WX4 [email protected]
UK
[email protected] Andrew .J Manning
Coastal Processes Research Group,
Koibuchi Yukio Marine Institute of the University
Department of School Graduate of reitnorF of Plymouth, School of Earth,
,secneicS University of ,oykoT Japan Ocean & Environmental Sciences,
[email protected] University of Plymouth, Portland
Square Building (A504),
K6ngeter Jfirgen Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon
Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and PL4 8AA, UK; HR Wallingford Ltd.,
Water Resources Management, RWTH Coasts and Estuaries Group,
Aachen University, KreuzherrenstraBe, Howbery Park, Wallingford,
Aachen, 52056 Germany Oxon OX10 8BA, UK
[email protected] com andymanning@yahoo,
List of Contributors
Mark Markofsky Julie. .D Pietrzak
Institute for Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Computer Applications in Civil Section, Delft University of ,ygolonhceT
Engineering, University of ,revonnaH .O.P Box 5048,
Appelstr. ,a9 30167 Hannover, 2600 GA Delft,
Germany the Netherlands
[email protected] [email protected]
Ashish .J Mehta Hossein Samadi-Boroujeni
University of Florida, 563 Weil Hall, Department of Water Engineering,
Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Agricultural Shahrekord Faculty,
[email protected] University, E .O Box 511 Shahrekord,
Iran
Francesca Mietta samadi 351 corn @yahoo.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics Section,
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Shinji Sato
and Geosciences, Delft University
Department of Civil Engineering,
of ,ygolonhceT .O.P Box 5048, NL-2600
University of Japan Tokyo,
GA Delft, the Netherlands
[email protected]
[email protected]
David .H Schoellhamer
Phillip .R Mineart
University of California,
URS Corporation, 005 12th Street,
Department of Civil and Environmental
Suite 200, Oakland, CA 94607, USA
Engineering, One Davis, Avenue, Shields
[email protected]
CA 95616, USA; U.S. Geological
Survey, Placer Hall, 6000 J Street,
Jaak Monbaliu
Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,
[email protected]
Department of Civil Engineering,
Hydraulics Laboratory, Kasteelpark
Christoph Schweim
Arenberg ,04 3001-Heverlee,
KISTERS ,GA Charlottenburgerallee ,5
Belgium
D-52068 Aachen, Germany
[email protected] j
chweim@kisters, S Christoph. ed
ikuyusaY Nakagawa
Port and Airport Research Institute, Mahmud Shafaie-Bajestan
239-0826, 3-1-1 Nagase, Yokosuka Shahid Chamran Ahwaz, University,
Japan Iran
[email protected] samadi 351 corn @yahoo.
Kwang-Soon Park Tomoya Shibayama
Korea Ocean Research and Department of Civil Engineering,
Development Institute, amahokoY National University,
Ansan .O.P Box ,92 Seoul 425-600, 240-8501, Yokohama Hodogaya-ku,
Korea Japan
[email protected] [email protected]
List of srotubirtnoC xi
Gilliane .C Sills Hiroichi Tsuruya
Department of Engineering Science, Japan University, Tokai
University of Oxford, Parks ,daoR [email protected]
Oxford 1XO 2PJ, UK
.enailliG ills@eng, S .xo .ca uk Hossein Mohammad Vali-Samani
Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz,
Mohsen Soltanpour Iran
Civil Engineering Department, [email protected]
K.N. Toosi University of ,ygolonhceT
Walther naV Kesteren
.oN 1346, Vali-Asr Street, P.C. 19697,
Hydraulics, WLlDelft Rotterdamseweg
,narheT Iran
,581 2629 DH Delft, the Netherlands
[email protected]
[email protected]
Jeremy Spearman
Vincx Magda
HR Ltd., Wallingford Coasts and
Universiteit Gent, Department of
Estuaries, Howbery Park, Wallingford,
Marine Biology Biology, Section,
Oxon OX10 8BA, UK
Krijgslaan 182 ,8$ 9000-Ghent,
j. co.uk spearman@hrwallingford,
Belgium
[email protected]
Takashima Sotaro
IDEA Consultants Inc., 1-5-12,
Paul .J Visser
Higashihama, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka ,ytiC
Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Fukuoka 812-0055, Japan
Geosciences, Delft University of
[email protected]
,ygolonhceT .O.P xoB 5048, 2600 ,AG
Delft, the Netherlands
Jianhua gnaT
.P [email protected]
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and
Coastal Research, East China Normal Johannes .K Vrijling
University, 3663 North Zhongshan Rd.,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Shanghai 200062, China Geosciences, Delft University of
126.com jianhuatang2004@
,ygolonhceT .O.P xoB 5048, 2600 ,AG
Delft, the Netherlands
Harukazu awaginaT
.K.J 1 ling@tude Vrij .tf nl
Regional Kyushu Development Bureau,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and t~oneB Waeles
Transport, 29-1 Higashi-Yamato-cho ,2 IFREMER, D6partment ,OCENYD
Shimonoseki City, ihcugamaY Laboratoire PHYSED, .P.B ,07
750-0066, Japan 29280 France Plouzan6,
[email protected] [email protected]
Erik .A Toorman Holger Weilbeer
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, laredeF syawretaW Engineering dna
Department of Engineering, Civil Institute Research ,)WAB(
Hydraulics Laboratory, Kasteelpark reledeW 157, Landstr. 22559 ,grubmaH
Arenberg ,04 3001-Heverlee, Belgium ynamreG
[email protected] [email protected]
xii List of Contributors
Johan .C Winterwerp Hideki adihsoY
Environmental Fluid Mechanics Section, Kyushu Regional Development Bureau,
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
Geosciences, Delft University of Transport, 29-1 Higashi-Yamato-cho ,2
,ygolonhceT .O.P Box 5048, 2600 GA ,ytiC ikesonomihS ihcugamaY ,6600-057
Delft, the Netherlands Japan
[email protected] @pa.qsr.mlit.go.jp yoshida-h86s3
Rewert Wurpts Qing-He Zhang
Sediment Management Consultants GbR, School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin
Zum Nordkai ,61 EGZ, D-26725 Emden, Tianjin University, 300072,
Deutschland PR China
[email protected] [email protected]
Koichi otomamaY Jin-Feng Zhang
Ariake aeS Research Project, School of Civil Engineering,
Saga University, Honjo, 1 Saga City, Tianjin Tianjin University, 300072,
Saga 840-8502, Japan PR China
saga-u.ac sediment@cc, pj. [email protected]
Hiroyuki ihsinamaY iuH-gnoY Zhu
Institute of Lowland ,ygolonhceT Changjiang River Scientific Research
Saga University, Honjo, 1 Institute, Changjiang Water Resources
Saga 840-8502, Saga, Japan Commission, 32 Huangpu Street,
saga-u.ac yamanisi@ilt, pj. 430010 Wuhan, China; Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences,
Katsuhide amayokoY Delft University of ,ygolonhceT
oykoT natiloporteM ,ytisrevinU 1-1 Minami .O.P Box 5048, 2600 ,AG
,awasO ,ijhoihcaH Tokyo ,7930-291 Japan Delft, eht Netherlands
[email protected] [email protected]
Sediment and Ecohydraulics: INTERCOH 2005
.T Kusuda, H. Yamanishi, .J Spearman and J.Z. Gailani (Editors)
(cid:14)9 2008 Elsevier B.V All fights reserved.
Chapter 1
Emerging concepts for managing fine cohesive sediment
Robert Kirby ,*,a Rewert Wurpts b and Norbert Greiser c
ddorsnevaRa Consultants Ltd, 6 DriQvuee,e ns ,notnuaT Somerset, 1AT ,~IX4 UK
tnemideSb Management Consultants GbR, muZ Nordkai ,61 EGZ, D-26725 Emden, Deutschland
rDC Greiser und ,rentraP Postfach D-21497 1607, Deutschland Geesthacht,
ABSTRACT
Two issues are addressed: the recently appreciated capability, in appropriate circumstances, of fine cohesive sed-
iment to naturally 'self-cleanse' itself of anthropogenic contaminants, together with deliberate inducement of
similar 'self-cleansing', without artificial additives solely by manipulating the natural properties of the water/
mud suspension. The Severn Estuary, UK, is a high-turbidity, hypertidal system whose energetics are dominated
by semi-diurnal and semi-lunar velocity fluctuations. Co-interpretation of large databases on the suspended sed-
iment and chemical and biological regimes indicated an anthropogenic contaminant concentration, exemplified
in this case byh eavmye tals in the mobile sedimenpto pulation, which is anomalously low compared to the coastal
inputs. Axial surficial traverses of dissolved metals reveal an elevated mid-estuary region with relatively high val-
ues coincident with the turbidity maximum. The high suspended sediment load exhibits cycling between water
body and bed in response to the energy fluctuations. Semi-lunar settlement onto the bed induces a switch to an
anaerobic chemical regime. Re-entrainment reinstates aerobic conditions. We suggest this chemical cycling
releases sediment-bound contaminants, especially itnh is mid-estuary region, causing them to be flushed from the
system.
Separately, and unrelated to these findings, a new iteration of the Nautical Depth concept has been perfected.
It embraces as an intrinsic element deliberately induced natural 'self-cleansing' of the sediment. Nautical Depth
applies to fluid mud horizons in port approaches, permitting vessels to traverse such zones with a negative
underkeel clearance with respect to the top of these materials. In this new step a self-propelled 'mixer' applies a
low-pressure underwater pump to raise fluid mud into its hopper, fluidising and oxygenating it as it does so. The
fluidised and oxygenated mud is returned to the harbour bed. Fluidising the mud returns its navigability to a near-
Newtonian start point. Re-oxygenation re-invigorates natural populations of aerobic bacteria, which exude
copious exopolymeric substances (EPS). In fine organic-rich muds, the EPS output is sufficiently voluminous so
as to form a gel, thus keeping particles apart. This exaggerates two attributes which were previously unattainable -
the aerobic status is perpetuated and the consolidation rate is greatly reduced. Arising from this, remixing
episodes are extended to 3-4 monthly intervals. A further, almost incidental, by-product is that the aerobic bac-
teria have been shown to break down certain anthropogenic contaminants - in the case of the prototype port,
Emden in Germany, the pernicious organic chemical TBT, the active component of the now largely banned
anti-fouling paint. This new management method thus converts a formerly undesirable waste into a resource by
providing a beneficial use.
Keywords: Severn Estuary, UK; Emden, Ems Estuary, Germany; fluid mud; Generic Sediment
Management; natural 'self-cleansing'; induced 'self-cleansing'; Active Nautical Depth; In Situ
Conditioning; self-propelled low-powered 'dredger'; sediment-bound contaminant release; aerobic/
anaerobic cycling; in situ beneficial use of mud; beneficial use of bacteria; chemolithotrophic
bacteria; hindered settling extended by aerobes; exopolymeric substances (EPS); EPS gels; TBT
breakdown
* Corresponding author: E-mail address: [email protected]
2 .R Kirby, .R Wurpts, .N Greiser
.1 INTRODUCTION
Textbooks dealing with cohesive sediments lay emphasis on the additional complexity of
their behaviour in the natural world compared to inert non-cohesive sands and gravels.
Muds are most commonly composed of a large fraction of poorly crystallised clay minerals
with varying amounts of silt, shell, sand and organic material. The particles are subject
to electro-chemical forces of comparable scale to gravitational settling effects, inducing
repulsion or attraction of the particles. They have a strong tendency to form aggregates
known as flocs. Unlike sand, mud flocs exhibit strong property changes with depth of bur-
ial and with time. In addition, they are generally subject to a wide range of biological
weakening or binding forces. This complexity renders cohesive sediment difficult to study
and to understand. In practical terms this may be regarded as either an impediment or an
opportunity. Unfortunately, cohesive sediment particles also have a strong tendency to
attract and adsorb a wide range of unwelcome anthropogenic contaminants. Being carriers
of contaminants complicates the problem of dealing with such materials, adding a further
dimension to the physical problems caused by their intrinsic behaviour. This natural ten-
dency to retain contaminants in particular chemical and biological climates traditionally
reduces options for their treatment and management, as well as causing high levels of
expense and potential environmental impact. On the other hand, there is evidence, as
described in this paper, that in favourable circumstances muds have a natural ability to
'self-cleanse' themselves of certain contaminants. At a higher level, induced self-cleansing
using natural attributes of cohesive sediment suspensions is beginning to be applied to
managing mud for the port and shipping industry. eW suggest that this is likely to advance
and may, in future, be applied to other industries, for example in terrestrial soil remediation.
These issues undoubtedly involve some new science.
2. NATURAL SELF-CLEANSING
2.1. Physical regime
The Severn Estuary, UK, is a hypertidal (>6.0 m Mean Spring Range (MSR)) high-turbidity
regime. It has a Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) range of 14.7 m, MSR of 12.6 m and
MNR of 6.5 m. The three-dimensional structure and temporal fluctuation of its turbidity
maximum have been studied and reported from 22 shipboard research surveys (Kirby, 1986).
Its water quality has been measured by the UK Environment Agency from helicopter sur-
veys undertaken between 1977 and 1998 but remains largely unpublished. Its estuarine
chemistry has been studied (Hamilton et al., 1979), and aspects of its microbiology have
been investigated (Joint, 1984; Williams, 1984). These have recently been brought together
and co-interpreted (Kirby et al., 2004).
The large fluctuations in tidal range manifest themselves in the strength and variability
of tidal current velocity. The entire estuarine regime is dominated by semi-diurnal and semi-
lunar fluctuations and the effect these have on the fine sediment population. Suspended
sediment levels are sufficiently high and variable such that the mobile cohesive sediment
dominates the physics, chemistry and biology from a regional estuary-wide scale all the
way down to the chemical micro-climate within individual flocs. Fig. 1 shows the mean