RELEASE A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol Rainout in Accidental Releases This is one in a series of CCPS conclgt books. A complete list of publications available from CCPS appears at the end of this book. RELEASE A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol Rainout in Accidental Releases David W.J ohnson and John L. Woodward AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers 3 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016-5901 USA Copyright 0 1999 American Institute of Chemical Engineers 3 Park Avenue New York, New York 10016-5901 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata Johnson, David W., 1942- Release : a model with data to predict aerosol rainout in accidental releases / David W. Johnson, John L. Woodward. P. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8169-0745-5 1. Atmospheric diffusion-computer simulation. 2. Hazardous substances-Environmental aspectdomputer simulation. 3. Vapors- Computer simulation. I. Woodward, John Lowell. 11. Title. QC880.4.D44J64 1998 98-3881 1 628.5'34~21 CIP It is sincerely hoped that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive safety record for the entire industiy; however, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee members, their employers, and their employers' officers and directors, John L. Wood- ward, Det Norske Veritas (USA) Inc., David WJohnson, and Quest Consultants Inc., disclaim making or giving any warranties or representations, express or implied, including with respect to fitness, intended purpose, use or merchantability and/or correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this docu- ment. As between (I) American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee mem- bers, their employers, and their employers' officers and directors, John L. Woodward, Det Norske Veritas (USA) Inc. , David W.Johnson, and Quest Consultants Inc., and (2) the user of this document, the user accepts any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequence of its use or misuse. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments X About This Book xi Design and Results of CCPS Aerosol Field Tests 1 Introduction 3 2 Chronological History 5 3 Development of the Release Model 7 4 Oklahoma Experimental Program (Water and CFC-11) 11 5 Nevada Experimental Program (Chlorine, Methylamine, and Cyclohexane) 19 6 Corrections to Experimental Data and Further Release Model Work 25 V vi Contents 7 Summa y and Future Work 31 References 33 PART I1 Measurement and Modeling of Accidental Aerosol Releases 8 Background and Objectives 37 9 Correcting Experimental Rainout Data 43 10 The RELEASE Model for Predicting Rainout 59 11 Aerosol Drop Size Correlation 79 A APPENDIX Experimental Rainout Data 111 B APPENDIX Solar Radiation Data for Las Vegas, NV 125 c APPENDIX The0y of Model Used to Correct Rainout Data 131 D APPENDIX Additional Modeling Details 153 E APPENDIX Rainout Correlation Using Adiabatic Saturation Temperature 161 Contents vii References I67 Nomenclature 173 181 CD-ROM Supplement File Contents Acroread Contains the Adobe Acrobat installation files for several Windows operating systems. 16bit Adobe Acrobat installation files for Windows 3.1. 32bit Adobe Acrobat installation files for Windows 95 and Windows NT. Fortran Contains Fortran source code and executable files for CREARE RELEASE program. Correct Contains corrected source code and executables. Exec Contains corrected executable files and data files. Source Contains Fortran source code for corrected RELME model. Original Contains original CREARE source code and executables. Exec Contains original executable files and data files. Source Contains original Fortran source code for RELEASE model. Report Contains spreadsheets, figures, photos, and Adobe Acrobat files for the chlorine, cyclohexane, methylamine, water and CFC-11 releases as well as the current wrap up report. C1-cy-ma Contains information relating to the test series involving chlorine, cyclohexane, and methylamine. Excel Contains Excel spreadsheets for the tables found in the chlorine+yclohexane-methylamine release test report. Figures Contains the figures for the chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine release test report. Pdf Contains an Adobe Acrobat file containing the chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine release test report. Photos Contains graphic files of the photographs found in the chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine test report. Current Contains information relating to the wrap up report. Excel Contains Excel spreadsheets for the tables found in the chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine test report. Pdf Contains an Adobe Acrobat file containing the wrap up test report. viii Contents H2o-cfc Contains information relating to the test series involving water and CFC-11. Excel Contains Excel spreadsheets for the tables found in the water and CFC- 11 . Figures Contains the figures for the water and CFC-11 test report. Pdf Contains the Adobe Acrobat file for the water and CFC-11 test report. Release Contains the Adobe Acrobat file for the CREARE RELEASE final report. Preface For 40 years the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has been involved with process safety and loss control issues in the chemical, petro- chemical, hydrocarbon process, and related industries and facilities. AIChE publications and symposia are information resources for the chemical engi- neering and other professions on the causes of process incidents and the means of preventing their occurrences and mitigating their consequences. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), a directorate of AIChE, was established in 1985 to develop and disseminate technical information for use in the prevention of major chemical process incidents. With the support and direction of the CCPS Advisory and Managing boards, a multifaceted program was established to address the need for process safety management systems to reduce potential exposures to the public, facilities, personnel, and the environment. This program involves the development and publication of guidelines related to specific areas of process safety management; organizing, convening, and conducting seminars, symposia, training programs, and meetings on process safety-related matters; and cooperation with other orga- nizations, both internationally and domestically, to promote process safety. CCPS’s activities are supported by funding and expertise from over 80 entities. This work is the culmination of a decade of computer model develop- ment and field controlled-release experimentation by CCPS with financial assistance by special grants from some of the CCPS sponsors and from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. This book was written by two authors, each writing at different times during the project and performing slightly different analyses. Although dif- fering analytical approaches were used, each valid at that stage of the project’s development, the reader may find some apparent differences in corrected information. These are generally not significant. ix Acknowledgments The effort culminating in the publication of this book encompasses essentially the whole history of Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). All three CCPS Directors, Tom Carmody, Bob Perry, and Jack Weaver, have been involved. Likewise, three chairs of the Vapor Cloud Modeling Subcommittee, Rudy Diener, Bill Hague, and Ron Lantzy, and their ever-changing subcom- mittee members have contributed professional expertise and many peo- ple-years of toil. Two CCPS Staff members, Sandy Schreiber and Bill Minges, have provided necessary support through these many years. Contract help has been provided by Creare, Inc., for model development, Energy Analysts, Inc., later to become Quest Consultants, Inc., for model demonstration through field experimentation, and Det Norske Veritas and Quest for data analysis and model validation. Financial support was provided as usual by CCPS Sponsors. However, a select few of them provided additional funding for the field experiments through the solicitation of their employees who were subcommittee members. A special grant from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and a mate- s. rial-and-services accommodation from the U. Department of Energy con- tributed significantly to this very expensive project. X
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