Release: A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol Rainout in Accidental Releases

184 Pages·1998·7.68 MB·English

by  David W. Johnson

RELEASE
A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol
Rainout in Accidental Releases
This is one in a series of CCPS conclgt books. A complete list of
publications available from CCPS appears at the end of this book.
RELEASE
A Model with Data to Predict Aerosol
Rainout in Accidental Releases
David W.J ohnson and John L. Woodward
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY
of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
3 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016-5901 USA
Copyright 0 1999
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
3 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016-5901
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior
permission of the copyright owner.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Johnson, David W., 1942-
Release : a model with data to predict aerosol rainout in
accidental releases / David W. Johnson, John L. Woodward.
P. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8169-0745-5
1. Atmospheric diffusion-computer simulation. 2. Hazardous
substances-Environmental aspectdomputer simulation. 3. Vapors-
Computer simulation. I. Woodward, John Lowell. 11. Title.
QC880.4.D44J64 1998 98-3881 1
628.5'34~21 CIP
It is sincerely hoped that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive
safety record for the entire industiy; however, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants,
CCPS Subcommittee members, their employers, and their employers' officers and directors, John L. Wood-
ward, Det Norske Veritas (USA) Inc., David WJohnson, and Quest Consultants Inc., disclaim making or giving
any warranties or representations, express or implied, including with respect to fitness, intended purpose, use
or merchantability and/or correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this docu-
ment. As between (I) American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee mem-
bers, their employers, and their employers' officers and directors, John L. Woodward, Det Norske Veritas
(USA) Inc. , David W.Johnson, and Quest Consultants Inc., and (2) the user of this document, the user accepts
any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequence of its use or misuse.
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments X
About This Book xi
Design and Results of CCPS Aerosol Field Tests
1
Introduction 3
2
Chronological History 5
3
Development of the Release Model 7
4
Oklahoma Experimental Program (Water and CFC-11) 11
5
Nevada Experimental Program (Chlorine, Methylamine,
and Cyclohexane) 19
6
Corrections to Experimental Data and Further Release
Model Work 25
V
vi Contents
7
Summa y and Future Work 31
References 33
PART I1
Measurement and Modeling of Accidental Aerosol Releases
8
Background and Objectives 37
9
Correcting Experimental Rainout Data 43
10
The RELEASE Model for Predicting Rainout 59
11
Aerosol Drop Size Correlation 79
A
APPENDIX
Experimental Rainout Data 111
B
APPENDIX
Solar Radiation Data for Las Vegas, NV 125
c
APPENDIX
The0y of Model Used to Correct Rainout Data 131
D
APPENDIX
Additional Modeling Details 153
E
APPENDIX
Rainout Correlation Using Adiabatic Saturation Temperature 161
Contents vii
References I67
Nomenclature 173
181
CD-ROM Supplement
File Contents
Acroread Contains the Adobe Acrobat installation files for several
Windows operating systems.
16bit Adobe Acrobat installation files for Windows 3.1.
32bit Adobe Acrobat installation files for Windows 95 and Windows NT.
Fortran Contains Fortran source code and executable files for CREARE
RELEASE program.
Correct Contains corrected source code and executables.
Exec Contains corrected executable files and data files.
Source Contains Fortran source code for corrected RELME model.
Original Contains original CREARE source code and executables.
Exec Contains original executable files and data files.
Source Contains original Fortran source code for RELEASE model.
Report Contains spreadsheets, figures, photos, and Adobe Acrobat files
for the chlorine, cyclohexane, methylamine, water and CFC-11
releases as well as the current wrap up report.
C1-cy-ma Contains information relating to the test series involving
chlorine, cyclohexane, and methylamine.
Excel Contains Excel spreadsheets for the tables found in the
chlorine+yclohexane-methylamine release test report.
Figures Contains the figures for the chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine
release test report.
Pdf Contains an Adobe Acrobat file containing the
chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine release test report.
Photos Contains graphic files of the photographs found in the
chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine test report.
Current Contains information relating to the wrap up report.
Excel Contains Excel spreadsheets for the tables found in the
chlorine-cyclohexane-methylamine test report.
Pdf Contains an Adobe Acrobat file containing the wrap up test
report.
viii Contents
H2o-cfc Contains information relating to the test series involving water
and CFC-11.
Excel Contains Excel spreadsheets for the tables found in the water
and CFC- 11 .
Figures Contains the figures for the water and CFC-11 test report.
Pdf Contains the Adobe Acrobat file for the water and CFC-11 test
report.
Release Contains the Adobe Acrobat file for the CREARE RELEASE
final report.
Preface
For 40 years the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) has been
involved with process safety and loss control issues in the chemical, petro-
chemical, hydrocarbon process, and related industries and facilities. AIChE
publications and symposia are information resources for the chemical engi-
neering and other professions on the causes of process incidents and the
means of preventing their occurrences and mitigating their consequences.
The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), a directorate of AIChE,
was established in 1985 to develop and disseminate technical information for
use in the prevention of major chemical process incidents. With the support
and direction of the CCPS Advisory and Managing boards, a multifaceted
program was established to address the need for process safety management
systems to reduce potential exposures to the public, facilities, personnel, and
the environment. This program involves the development and publication of
guidelines related to specific areas of process safety management; organizing,
convening, and conducting seminars, symposia, training programs, and
meetings on process safety-related matters; and cooperation with other orga-
nizations, both internationally and domestically, to promote process safety.
CCPS’s activities are supported by funding and expertise from over 80
entities.
This work is the culmination of a decade of computer model develop-
ment and field controlled-release experimentation by CCPS with financial
assistance by special grants from some of the CCPS sponsors and from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy.
This book was written by two authors, each writing at different times
during the project and performing slightly different analyses. Although dif-
fering analytical approaches were used, each valid at that stage of the project’s
development, the reader may find some apparent differences in corrected
information. These are generally not significant.
ix
Acknowledgments
The effort culminating in the publication of this book encompasses essentially
the whole history of Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). All three
CCPS Directors, Tom Carmody, Bob Perry, and Jack Weaver, have been
involved. Likewise, three chairs of the Vapor Cloud Modeling Subcommittee,
Rudy Diener, Bill Hague, and Ron Lantzy, and their ever-changing subcom-
mittee members have contributed professional expertise and many peo-
ple-years of toil. Two CCPS Staff members, Sandy Schreiber and Bill Minges,
have provided necessary support through these many years.
Contract help has been provided by Creare, Inc., for model development,
Energy Analysts, Inc., later to become Quest Consultants, Inc., for model
demonstration through field experimentation, and Det Norske Veritas and
Quest for data analysis and model validation.
Financial support was provided as usual by CCPS Sponsors. However, a
select few of them provided additional funding for the field experiments
through the solicitation of their employees who were subcommittee members.
A special grant from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and a mate-
s.
rial-and-services accommodation from the U. Department of Energy con-
tributed significantly to this very expensive project.
X