Table Of Content

COMPARATIVE POLITICS Redistricting inComparative Perspective COMPARATIVEPOLITICS ComparativePoliticsisaseriesforstudents,teachers,andresearchersofpoliticalsciencethatdeals withcontemporarygovernmentandpolitics.Globalinscope,booksintheseriesarecharacterisedby astressoncomparativeanalysisandstrongmethodologicalrigour.Theseriesispublishedin associationwiththeEuropeanConsortiumforPoliticalResearch.Formoreinformationvisit www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr TheComparativePoliticsseriesiseditedbyProfessorDavidFarrell,UniversityofManchesterand ProfessorAlfioMastropaolo,UniversityofTurin. OTHERTITLESINTHISSERIES DemocraticRepresentationinEurope Diversity,Change,andConvergence EditedbyMaurizioCottaandHeinrichBest PartyPoliticsinNewDemocracies EditedbyPaulWebbandStephenWhite DemocraticChallenges,DemocraticChoices RussellJ.Dalton DemocracyTransformed? EditedbyBruceE.Cain,RussellJ.Dalton,andSusanE.Scarrow EnvironmentalProtestinWesternEurope EditedbyChristopherRootes SocialMovementsandNetworks EditedbyMarioDianiandDougMcAdam DelegationandAccountabilityinParliamentaryDemocracies EditedbyKaareStrøm,WolfgangC.Müller,andTorbjörnBergman ThePresidentializationofPolitics EditedbyThomasPaguntkeandPaulWebb Losers’Consent ChristopherJ.Anderson,AndréBlais,ShaunBowler, ToddDonovan,andOlaListhaug Elections,Parties,Democracy MichaelD.McDonaldandIanBudge ExtremeRightPartiesinWesternEurope PieroIgnazi ThePerformanceofDemocracies EdeltraudRoller PoliticalPartiesintheNewEurope EditedbyKurtRichardLutherandFerdinandMüller-Rommel TheEuropeanVoter EditedbyJacquesThomassen Redistricting in Comparative Perspective Editedby LISA HANDLEY and BERNIE GROFMAN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork ©TheSeveralContributors2008 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2008 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–922740–2 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Acknowledgments Redistricting is our vote for the most neglected topic in electoral and insti- tutional design in terms of comparative research. Despite the fact that how electoral boundaries are drawn can fundamentally affect the nature of political representation—whogetswhat,when—remarkablylittlehasbeenwrittenonthe subjectofredistrictingpracticesapartfromthelargeUS-specificliteraturedealing primarily with jurisprudential issues. In particular, with the notable exceptions of a few encyclopedic books such as that by John Courtney on Canada and D. J. Rossiter, R. J. Johnson and C. J. Pattie on the UK, there are few country- specific studies of redistricting apart from the United States. When it comes to comparativeworkthepictureisevenbleaker.Whilethereareanumberofpurely mathematicalandstatisticalessays(suchastheexcellentcross-nationalanalysis oflevelsofmalapportionmentbySamuelsandSnyder),thereisverylittleinthe wayofstudiesthatoffermulticountrycomparisonsofredistrictingpracticesand principles.Thus,webelievethissetofessays,allofwhichareworksspecifically commissionedforthisvolume,fillanimportantniche. Almost all of the essays in this book were initially presented at a conference entitled“RedistrictinginComparativePerspective,”heldattheUniversityofCal- ifornia,Irvine,December7–9,2001.Wewouldliketoacknowledgetheinvaluable help of Clover Behrend-Gethard and of the accounting staff of the School of SocialSciencesinhandlingconferencelogistics. Versions of two of the papers presented at the conference subsequently appeared in journals: “United States Redistricting: A Comparative Look at the 50 States,” by Michael McDonald, was published in State Politics and Policy Quarterly(4(4)2004:371–96)as“AComparativeAnalysisofU.S.StateRedis- trictingInstitutions”;and“ReservedSeatsinNationalLegislatures:ACompara- tiveApproach,”byAndrewReynolds,appearedinLegislativeStudiesQuarterly (30(2): 2005: 301–10) as “Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Research Note.” We offer updated iterations of the original conference papers and the published articles in this volume. Excerpts from the two published articles are reprinted with the permission of the authors. In addition, earlier versions of the twopaperswrittenbyLisaHandleywerepreparedfortheCenterforTransitional andPost-ConflictGovernance,atIFES,underthedirectionofJeffFischer. ThecomparativeredistrictingconferencewasfundedbytheNationalScience Foundation and the Center for the Study of Democracy at the University of California, Irvine, with supplementary funding from the UCI Academic Senate CommitteeonResearch.Thisbookispartofabroaderstudyof“Representation, Electoral Rules, and Civic Inclusion” that is one of the signature projects of vi Acknowledgments the Center for the Study of Democracy at the University of California, Irvine (http://www.democ.uci.edu).Thiswillbethesixthbookinaseriesonthistopic, allresultingfromconferencesatUCIheldoverthepast15years.Thefiveprevious books in the series are Bernard Grofman (ed.), Legislative Term Limits: Public ChoicePerspectives,Boston,MA:Kluwer,1996;BernardGrofman,Sung-Chull Lee, Edwin Winckler, and Brian Woodall (eds.), Elections in Japan, Korea and Taiwan under the Single Non-Transferable Vote: The Comparative Study of an EmbeddedInstitution,AnnArbor,MI:UniversityofMichiganPress,1999;Shaun Bowler and Bernard Grofman (eds.), Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta undertheSingleTransferableVote,AnnArbor,MI:UniversityofMichiganPress, 2000; Matthew Shugart andMartinWattenberg (eds.),Mixed Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; and BernardGrofmanandArendLijphart(eds.),TheEvolutionofElectoralandParty Systems in the Nordic Countries, New York: Agathon Press, 2002. This volume also reflects a natural continuation of previous work of the editors on representation, redistricting, and comparative electoral systems, for example, Bernard Grofman,LisaHandley,andRichardNiemi(eds.),MinorityRepresentationand theQuestforVotingEquality,CambridgeUniversityPress,1992;BernardGrof- man(ed.),PoliticalGerrymandering,Agathon,1990;andBernardGrofman(ed.), RaceandRedistricting,Agathon,1998. Contents ListofFigures x ListofTables xi NotesonContributors xiii I. Introduction Introduction:RedistrictinginComparativePerspective 3 BernardGrofmanandLisaHandley II. StructuringtheProcess:TheBoundaryAuthority 1. FromGerrymanderstoIndependence:DistrictBoundary ReadjustmentsinCanada 11 JohnC.Courtney 2. AnIndependentCommissionwithPoliticalInput:NewZealand’s ElectoralRedistributionPractices 27 AlanMcRobie 3. FromPoliticstoTechnicalities:MexicanRedistrictingin HistoricalPerspective 43 AlonsoLujambioandHoracioVives 4. UnitedStatesRedistricting:AComparativeLookatthe50States 55 MichaelP.McDonald III. SettingtheRules:OnePerson,OneVote and OtherPrinciples 5. DelimitationinIndia 75 AlistairMcMillan 6. RedistributioninAustralia:TheImportanceofOneVote,OneValue 97 RodMedew viii Contents 7. ThePoliticsofRedistrictinginJapan:AContradictionbetweenEqual PopulationandRespectforLocalGovernmentBoundaries 107 ToshimashaMoriwaki IV. MakingProvisionsforMinorityRepresentation 8. ReservedSeatsinNationalLegislatures: AComparativeApproach 115 AndrewReynolds 9. TheDesignofEthnicallyMixedConstituenciesinFiji,1970–2006 123 JonFraenkel 10. RaceandRedistrictingintheUnitedStates:AnOverview 141 DavidLublin V. TakingAccountoftheBroaderContext: ElectoralRulesandSystems 11. ElectoralRedistrictinginIreland 155 JohnCoakley 12. RedistrictinginFranceunderChangingElectoralRules 173 MichelBalinski 13. DelimitingElectoralBoundariesinPost-ConflictSettings 191 LisaHandley VI. MeasuringtheImpactandReformingtheProcess 14. ElectoralDistortionDespiteRedistrictingbyIndependent Commissions:TheBritishCase,1950–2005 205 RonJohnston,CharlesPattie,andDavidRossiter 15. ThePartisanConsequencesofBakerv.CarrandtheOnePerson, OneVoteRevolution 225 ThomasBrunellandBernardGrofman Contents ix 16. AutomatingtheDistrictingProcess:AnExperimentUsing aJapaneseCaseStudy 237 ToshihiroSakaguchiandJunichiroWada VII. MulticountryComparisonsofDelimitation Practices 17. DistrictingandRedistrictinginEasternandCentralEurope: RegulationsandPractices 251 MarinaPopescuandGáborTóka 18. AComparativeSurveyofStructuresandCriteriaforBoundary Delimitation 265 LisaHandley Appendices 285 References 307 Index 319