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Readings in Eastern Philosophy An Open Source Text Edited by Lee Archie John G. Archie Readings in Eastern Philosophy: An Open Source Text EditedbyLeeArchieandJohnG.Archie Version0.1Edition PublishedMarch,2004 Copyright©2004LeeArchie,JohnG.Archie GFDL Thecurrentversion,Version0.1,ofthisopensourcetextbookinphilosophyisawork-in-progressandis beingreleasedindraftform.Thecollaboratorswouldbegratefulforcorrectionsorothersuggestionstothis preliminarydraft.Pleaseaddresscommentsto [email protected] Permissionisgrantedtocopy,distribute,and/ormodifythisdocumentunderthetermsoftheGNUFree DocumentationLicense,Version1.2oranylaterversion,publishedbytheFreeSoftwareFoundation,with noInvariantSections,noFront-CoverTexts,andnoBack-CoverTexts. ImageCredits. Theimagesinthisworkhavebeenadaptedfromtheoriginalby resizing,cropping,andprocessing. Preface,“WhyOpenSource?"”.TabulaeRudolphinae:quibusastronomicae... byJohannesKepler, 1571-1630,NOAAPhotoLibrary(http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/).HistoricC&GSCollection,. Chapter1,BhagavadGita.India—Benares—MonkeyTemple,FrankandFrancisCarpenterCollection [LC-USZ62-125561];RuinsinDelhi,CalebWright,IndiaandItsInhabitants,1869;OrnateRoyalCarriage, LibraryofCongress[LC-USZ62-35122];AnExpandingBubbleinSpace(alt-detail)[HSTI#PROO-04], GRINNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(http://grin.hq.nasa.gov);AnExpandingBubblein Space(alt-detail)[HSTI#PROO-04];TheCat’sEyeNebula(alt-detail)[HSTI#PRC95-01A]National AeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(http://grin.hq.nasa.gov).GoldenTemple,India,FrankandFrances CarpenterCollection[LC-USZ62-5828];VillageinPunjab,FarmSecurityAdministration [LC-USW33-043106-ZC];TemplesofJammufromdistance,World’sTransportationCommission,William HenryJackson[W7-483]. Chapter2,“PaperOnHinduism”.Vivekananda;CityontheMountains—India,WilliamHenryJackson, WorldTransportationCommission,LibraryofCongress[W7-471];Delhi—RuinsofShershak,William HenryJackson,WorldTransportationCommission,LibraryofCongress[W7-506];Riverfront,William HenryJackson,WorldTransportationCommission,LibraryofCongress[W7-587];Delhi—CashmereGates, WilliamHenryJackson,WorldTransportationCommission,LibraryofCongress[W7-507]. Chapter3,“TheFourNobleTruths”.Yogi,ViewofBenares,andCrossingOver,fromWilliamButler,Land oftheVeda:BeingPersonalReminiscencesofIndia,NewYork:Calton&Lanahan,1872;DeerPark,Library ofCongress. Chapter4,“TheNobleEightfoldPath”.BrahminReading,CalebWright,IndiaandItsInhabitants, Cincinnati,Ohio:J.A.Brainerd,1858.Indonesia-—Java-—Jogjakarta[i.e.Yogyakarta].Temple ruins—detailsofsculptedfigures,FrankandFrancisCarpenterCollection,LibraryofCongress [LC-USZ62-95443];BuddhistTemple,Cambodia,FrenchPostcard,1905;PhotographicViewsof Thailand—TempleWatPrakeu-—Bangkok,LibraryofCongress[LC-USZ62-5322];Riceboatonthe IrrawaddyheadingforRangoon,World’sTransportationCommission,LibraryofCongress[W7-599]; BuddhistRoom,MuseumofFineArts,Boston,Mass.,LibraryofCongress[LC-D4-72635]. Chapter5,Dhammapada.BronzeBuddha,TheAmericanCyclopædia;China,KiangsuProvince,Soochow, FrankandFrancisCarpenterCollection,LibraryofCongress[LC-USZ62-104037];China-BurmaHighway, U.S.PublicHealthService,LibraryofCongress[USW33-043086-ZC];ChineseBuiltSuspensionBridge, SzechwanProvince,ChinaFrankandFrancisCarpenterCollection,LibraryofCongress [LC-USZ62-104037];BronzeStatueofAmidaNyorai,DenjiroHasegawa,photographer,LibraryofCongress [LC-USZ62-98646];HongKongDockWorkers,FrankandFrancisCarpenterCollection,LibraryofCongress [LC-US262-118505];RecliningBuddha,ViewsofThailand,LibraryofCongress[LC-USZ62-5320];Hong KongSampans,FrankandFrancesCarpenterCollection,LibraryofCongress[LC-USZ62-118501];Hong KongRickshaw,FrankandFrancesCarpenterCollection,LibraryofCongress[LC-USZ62-118508];F. Boileau,PhotographalbumoftheBoileaufamily’svoyagefromEnglandtoAustralia(1894-1895). Chapter6,DoctrineOftheMean.Confucius,ThoemmesPress(http://www.thoemmes.com/gallery.htm); ChineseGentleman’sGarden,APavilioninPun-Ting-Qua’sGarden;OneoftheInnerGatesofPeking; TempleoftheFiveHundredGods,TheWillow-PatternBridge,GreatGateway,TempleofConfucius,fromJ. Thompson.TheStraitsofMalacca,Indo-China,andChina;or,Tenyears’travels,adventures,andresidence abroadNewYork:Harper&Brothers,1875.WoodengravingsbyJ.D.Cooper. Chapter7,TaoTeChing.LaoTzu,18thcenturyFrenchPrint;ThirtySpokes,LibraryofCongress;China Vases,JamesD.McCabe,TheIllustratedHistoryoftheCentennialExhibitionPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania: NationalPublishingCompany,1876;StreetScene,ChefangChinaU.S.PublicHealthService [LC-USW33-043083-ZC];LotusFlower,LibraryofCongress;Eddies[theb2710] Chapter8,TheTenOxherdingPictures.Ox,Gottsho-SchleishnerCollection,LibraryofCongress [US-USZC2-4153];BothsetsofTenOxherdingPicturesarefromDaisetzTeitaroSuzuki,ManualofZen Buddhism,1934. SomeCopyrightConsiderations. Alltextandimagesinthisworkarebelievedtobe inthepublicdomainorarepublishedhereunderthefairuseprovisionoftheUS copyrightlaw.Responsibilityformakinganindependentlegalassessmentofanitem andsecuringanynecessarypermissionsultimatelyrestswithanyonedesiringtoreuse theitemundertoGFDL(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html).Thewritten permissionofthecopyrightownersand/orotherrightsholders(suchaspublicity and/orprivacyrights)isrequiredfordistribution,reproduction,orotheruseof protecteditemsbeyondthatallowedbyfairuseorotherstatutoryexemptions.An independentlegalassessmenthasbeenmadeafterasearchforcopyrightstatusoftext andimages.Thetextsarepresentedforyouruse"asis."Usethematyourownrisk.No warrantiesorguaranteesastoaccuracyortorepresentationastocopyrightstatus outsidetheUnitedStatesismade.Ifanerroroccursinspiteofthegoodfaithefforts, theitemwillbecorrectedorremoveduponnoticeto [email protected] TheU.S.CopyrightOffice(http://www.loc.gov/copyright/)Circular22pointsout,“Evenifyouconcludethat aworkisinthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates,thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatyouarefreetouseit inothercountries.Everynationhasitsownlawsgoverningthelengthandscopeofcopyrightprotection,and theseareapplicabletousesoftheworkwithinthatnation’sborders.Thus,theexpirationorlossofcopyright protectionintheUnitedStatesmaystillleavetheworkfullyprotectedagainstunauthorizeduseinother countries.” Table of Contents “Preface” ...............................................................................................................i WhyOpenSource?.........................................................................................i ANoteaboutSelections................................................................................ii 1.BhagavadGitaretoldbyHarryBhalla..........................................................1 IdeasofInterestfromtheBhagavadGita.....................................................2 TheReadingSelectionfromBhagavadGita.................................................4 Arjuna’sDilemma.................................................................................4 TranscendentalKnowledge...................................................................5 PathofService......................................................................................7 PathofRenunciationwithKnowledge.................................................8 PathofRenunciation.............................................................................9 PathofMeditation..............................................................................11 Self-KnowledgeandEnlightenment...................................................11 TheEternalSpirit................................................................................13 SupremeKnowledgeandtheBigMystery.........................................13 ManifestationoftheAbsolute............................................................15 VisionoftheCosmicForm.................................................................15 PathofDevotion.................................................................................17 CreationandtheCreator.....................................................................18 ThreeModesofMaterialNature........................................................19 TheSupremeBeing............................................................................20 DivineandtheDemonicQualities......................................................22 ThreefoldFaith...................................................................................23 SalvationthroughRenunciation..........................................................24 Epilogue—LordKrishna’sLastSermon............................................28 TopicsWorthInvestigating..........................................................................29 2.“PaperonHinduism”bySwamiVivekananda...........................................31 IdeasofInterestfrom“PaperonHinduism”...............................................32 TheReadingSelectionfrom“PaperonHinduism”....................................32 [Introduction]......................................................................................33 [TheVedas].........................................................................................33 [TheConceptofCreation]..................................................................33 [Soul,Karma,andReincarnation]......................................................34 [SoulandNature]................................................................................36 [TheGoalofHinduism]......................................................................37 [TheUnityoftheUniverse]................................................................40 [HinduismandWorldReligions]........................................................40 TopicsWorthInvestigating..........................................................................45 v 3.Buddha’s“TheFourNobleTruths”.............................................................47 IdeasofInterestfrom“TheFourNobleTruths”.........................................48 TheReadingSelectionfrom“TheFourNobleTruths”..............................49 [Introduction]......................................................................................49 FirstTruth:TheNobleTruthofSuffering..........................................50 TheFiveGroupsofExistence....................................................51 DependentOrginationofConsciousness...................................51 TheThreeCharacteristicsofExistence.....................................52 TheThreeWarnings...................................................................54 Samsara,TheWheelofExistence.............................................54 SecondTruth:TheNobleTruthoftheOriginofSuffering................56 TheThreefoldCraving...............................................................56 HeapingupofPresentSuffering................................................57 HeapingUpofFutureSuffering................................................58 InheritanceofDeeds(Karma)...................................................58 ThirdTruth:TheNobleTruthoftheExtinctionofSuffering.............59 DependentExtinctionofAllPhenomena..................................59 Nirvana......................................................................................60 TheArahat,orHolyOne...........................................................60 TheImmutable...........................................................................61 FourthTruth:TheNobleTruthofthePaththatLeadstotheExtinction ofSuffering—TheTwoExtremesandtheMiddlePath.............61 TopicsWorthInvestigating..........................................................................62 4.“TheNobleEightfoldPath”byBuddha......................................................64 IdeasofInterestfrom“TheNobleEightfoldPath”.....................................65 TheReadingSelectionfrom“TheEightfoldPath”.....................................66 TheEightfoldPath..............................................................................66 TheEightfoldPath—FirstStep—RightUnderstanding.....................67 UnprofitableQuestions..............................................................67 TheSotapan,or“Stream-Enterer”.............................................69 TheTwoUnderstandings...........................................................70 CompleteDeliverance................................................................71 Past,Present,andFuture............................................................73 DependentOrigination...............................................................74 Karma:Rebirth—ProducingandBarren...................................75 SecondStep:RightMindedness.........................................................76 ThirdStep:RightSpeech....................................................................76 FourthStep:RightAction...................................................................77 FifthStep:RightLiving......................................................................79 SixthStep:RightEffort......................................................................79 FiveMethodsofExpellingEvilThoughts.................................80 SeventhStep:RightAttentiveness......................................................81 vi ReadingsinEasternPhilosophy:AnOpen-SourceText ContemplationoftheBody........................................................82 TheTenBlessings......................................................................84 ContemplationoftheFeelings...................................................85 ContemplationoftheMind........................................................85 ContemplationofPhenomena(Mind-objects)...........................86 NirvanaThroughWatchingOverBreathing..............................88 EighthStep:RightConcentration.......................................................90 TheFourTrances.......................................................................91 DevelopmentoftheEightfoldPath—Confidenceand Right-Mindedness(2ndStep)............................................92 Morality(3rd,4th,5thStep)......................................................92 ControloftheSenses(6thStep)................................................93 AttentivenessandClearConsciousness(7thStep)....................93 AbsenceoftheFiveHindrances................................................94 TheTrances(8thStep)...............................................................94 Insight(1stStep)........................................................................94 Nirvana......................................................................................94 TheSilentThinker.....................................................................95 TheTrueGoal............................................................................95 TopicsWorthInvestigating..........................................................................97 5.TheDhammapada(abridged)........................................................................99 IdeasofInterestfromTheDhammapada..................................................100 TheReadingSelectionfromTheDhammapada.......................................101 ChapterI:TheTwinVerses..............................................................101 ChapterII:OnEarnestness...............................................................102 ChapterIII:Thought.........................................................................103 ChapterIV:Flowers..........................................................................104 ChapterV:TheFool.........................................................................105 ChapterVI:TheWiseMan(Pandita)...............................................105 ChapterVII:TheVenerable(Arhat).................................................106 ChapterVIII:TheThousands...........................................................107 ChapterIX:Evil................................................................................108 ChapterX:Punishment.....................................................................109 ChapterXI:OldAge.........................................................................109 ChapterXII:Self...............................................................................110 ChapterXIII:TheWorld...................................................................111 ChapterXIV:TheBuddha(TheAwakened).....................................111 ChapterXV:Happiness....................................................................113 ChapterXVI:Pleasure......................................................................114 ChapterXVII:Anger........................................................................115 ChapterXVIII:Impurity...................................................................116 ChapterXIX:TheJust......................................................................117 ReadingsinEasternPhilosophy:AnOpen-SourceText vii ChapterXX:TheWay......................................................................118 ChapterXXI:Miscellaneous............................................................119 ChapterXXII:TheDownwardCourse.............................................120 ChapterXXIII:TheElephant...........................................................121 ChapterXXIV:Thirst.......................................................................122 ChapterXXV:TheBhikshu(Mendicant).........................................123 ChapterXXVI:TheBrahmana(Arhat)............................................125 TopicsWorthInvestigating........................................................................128 6.“TheDoctrineoftheMean”byConfucius................................................130 IdeasofInterestfrom“TheDoctrineoftheMean”..................................131 TheReadingSelectionfrom“TheDoctrineoftheMean”........................131 [InstructionforthePathofDuty].....................................................132 [TheCourseoftheMean].................................................................132 [ChünTzu—TheSuperiorMan].......................................................135 [Hsiao—FilialPiety]........................................................................136 [Te—PowerbywhichMenareRuled;MoralExample]..................139 [TheFiveRelationships]...................................................................139 [RulesofGovernment].....................................................................140 [RulesforSuccessandSincerity].....................................................142 [Virtue]..............................................................................................145 [InstitutionsandCeremonyoftheRuler].........................................147 [ChünTzuandPerfectVirtue]..........................................................148 TopicsWorthInvestigating........................................................................150 7.SelectionsfromTheTaoTeChingbyLaoTzu..........................................152 IdeasofInterestfromTheTaoTeChing...................................................153 TheReadingSelectionfromTheTaoTeChing.........................................154 PartI.TheTaoTeChing...................................................................154 PartII.TheTaoChing.......................................................................161 TopicsWorthInvestigating........................................................................171 8.“TheTenOxherdingPictures”byDaisetzTeitaroSuzuki.......................172 IdeasofInterestfrom“TheTenOxherdingPictures”...............................173 TheReadingSelectionfrom“TheTenOxherdingPictures”....................173 Preliminary.......................................................................................174 TheTenOxherdingPictures,I.byKaku-an.....................................175 I.SearchingfortheOx.............................................................175 II.SeeingtheTraces.................................................................176 III.SeeingtheOx.....................................................................176 IV.CatchingtheOx..................................................................177 V.HerdingtheOx....................................................................177 VI.ComingHomeontheOx’sBack.......................................178 VII.TheOxForgotten,LeavingtheManAlone.....................178 viii ReadingsinEasternPhilosophy:AnOpen-SourceText VIII.TheOxandtheManGoneoutofSight..........................179 IX.ReturningtotheOrigin,BacktotheSource......................180 X.EnteringtheCitywithBliss-bestowingHands...................180 TheTenOxherdingPictures,II........................................................181 1.Undisciplined.......................................................................181 2.DisciplineBegun..................................................................182 3.InHarness............................................................................182 4.FacedRound........................................................................183 5.Tamed...................................................................................183 6.Unimpeded...........................................................................184 7.LaissezFaire........................................................................184 8.AllForgotten........................................................................185 9.TheSolitaryMoon...............................................................185 10.BothVanished....................................................................186 TopicsWorthInvestigating........................................................................186 Index..................................................................................................................188 Colophon...........................................................................................................193 ReadingsinEasternPhilosophy:AnOpen-SourceText ix “Preface” Why Open Source? TabulaeRudolphinæ:quibusastronomicæ... byJohannesKepler,1571-1630,NOAA ManyclassicworksinEasternphilosophyareaccessibleviaonlinesourcesonthe Internet. Fortunately, many of the influential and abiding works are in the public domain; these readings provide a convenient way to produce quality learning ex- periencesforalmostanyoneseekinginformationandhelp.Ourpresentcollection ofeditedreadingsisfreebutsubjecttothelegalnoticefollowingthetitlepage. ByplacingtheseselectionsinthepublicdomainundertheGFDL,theeditorsare, in effect, "open-sourcing" this product, in part, to minimize costs to interested students of philosophy and, in part, to make the readings widely available in a form convenient to a variety of readers. Moreover, users themselves can improve theproductiftheywishtodoso.Viewedinthisway,thereleaseofthesereadings is,inagenuinesense,asmalltestoftheDelphieffectinopen-sourcepublishing. This particular edition is not a completed work. It is the first step in the devel- opment of the open-source text. The development model of Readings in Eastern Philosophyislooselypatternedonthe“releaseearly,releaseoften”modelchampi- i

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Readings in Eastern Philosophy: An Open Source Text. Edited by Lee Archie and John G. Archie. Version 0.1 Edition. Published March, 2004. Copyright © 2004
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