Principles of Fermentation Technology

826 Pages·2017·162.32 MB·English

by  Hall

Principles of
Fermentation
Technology
Page left intentionally blank
Principles of
Fermentation
Technology
THIRD EDITION
Peter F. Stanbury
Allan Whitaker
Stephen J. Hall
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2017, 1995, 1984 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broad-
en our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may
become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-08-099953-1
For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications
visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/
Publisher: Joe Hayton
Acquisition Editor: Fiona Geraghty
Editorial Project Manager: Maria Convey
Production Project Manager: Nicky Carter
Designer: Maria Inês Cruz
Typeset by Thomson Digital
This book is dedicated to all the staff, past and present,
of the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences,
University of Hertfordshire.
Page left intentionally blank
Contents
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xvii
CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Fermentation Processes .....................1
The Range of Fermentation Processes ...................................................1
Microbial Biomass ..........................................................................3
Microbial Enzymes .........................................................................3
Microbial Metabolites .....................................................................3
Recombinant Products ....................................................................8
Transformation Processes ...............................................................8
The Chronological Development of the Fermentation Industry ............9
The Component Parts of a Fermentation Process ................................18
References ............................................................................................19
CHAPTER 2 Microbial Growth Kinetics ...................................................21
Batch Culture .......................................................................................21
Exponential Phase .........................................................................21
Deceleration and Stationary Phases ..............................................25
Continuous Culture ..............................................................................33
Multistage Systems .......................................................................40
Feedback Systems .........................................................................41
Comparison of Batch and Continuous Culture
in Industrial Processes ..................................................................44
Comparison of Batch and Continuous Culture
as Investigative Tools ....................................................................55
Fed-Batch Culture ................................................................................58
Variable Volume Fed-Batch Culture .............................................58
Fixed Volume Fed-Batch Culture .................................................61
Fed-Batch Culture at a Constant Specific Growth Rate ...............62
Cyclic Fed-Batch Culture .............................................................62
Application of Fed-Batch Culture ................................................63
Examples of the Use of Fed-Batch Culture ..................................65
References ............................................................................................68
CHAPTER 3 T he Isolation and Improvement of Industrially
Important Microorganisms ...................................................75
Isolation of Industrially Important Microorganisms ............................75
Isolation Methods Utilizing Selection of the Desired
Characteristic ................................................................................78
vii
viii Contents
Isolation Methods not Utilizing Selection of the Desired
Characteristic—from the “Waksman Platform” to the 1990s .......81
Screening Methods and High Throughput Screening ...................84
Return of Natural Products ...........................................................90
Broadening the Base of the Discovery Process
and Maximizing Gene Expression ................................................91
Improvement of Industrial Microorganisms ........................................98
Improvement of Strains Producing Primary
Biosynthetic Products ...................................................................99
Improvement of Strains Producing Secondary
Biosynthetic Products .................................................................150
Summary ............................................................................................194
References ..........................................................................................194
CHAPTER 4 Media for Industrial Fermentations ................................213
Introduction ........................................................................................213
Typical Media ....................................................................................215
Medium Formulation .........................................................................215
Water ..................................................................................................220
Energy Sources ..................................................................................220
Carbon Sources ..................................................................................221
Factors Influencing the Choice of Carbon Source ......................221
Examples of Commonly Used Carbon Sources ..........................222
Nitrogen Sources ................................................................................227
Examples of Commonly Used Nitrogen Sources .......................227
Factors Influencing the Choice of Nitrogen Source....................229
Minerals .............................................................................................231
Chelators .....................................................................................233
Growth Factors ...................................................................................234
Nutrient Recycle ................................................................................234
Buffers ................................................................................................234
The Addition of Precursors and Metabolic Regulators to Media.......235
Precursors ...................................................................................235
Inhibitors .....................................................................................235
Inducers .......................................................................................237
Oxygen Requirements ........................................................................239
Fast Metabolism ..........................................................................239
Rheology .....................................................................................239
Antifoams ...........................................................................................240
Medium Optimization ........................................................................242
Animal Cell Media .............................................................................251
Contents ix
The Development of Basal Media ..............................................251
Serum-Free, Animal-Component Free, Protein-Free,
and Chemically Defined Media ..................................................252
References ..........................................................................................260
CHAPTER 5 Sterilization ............................................................................273
Introduction ........................................................................................273
Medium Sterilization .........................................................................275
Design of Batch Sterilization Processes ............................................285
Calculation of the Del Factor During Heating and Cooling .......286
Calculation of the Holding Time at Constant Temperature ........287
Richards’ Rapid Method for the Design of Sterilization
Cycles .........................................................................................287
Scale Up and Optimization of a Batch Sterilization Process ......288
An Alternative Approach to Sterilization Kinetics: D, Z,
and F Values ................................................................................292
Variation in the Values of Sterilization Kinetic “Constants” ......298
Methods of Batch Sterilization ...................................................299
Design of Continuous Sterilization Processes ...................................300
Sterilization of the Fermenter ............................................................307
Sterilization of the Feeds ...................................................................307
Sterilization of Liquid Wastes ............................................................308
Sterilization by Filtration ...................................................................311
Theory of Nonfixed Pore or Depth Filters ..................................317
Filter Sterilization of Liquids ......................................................319
Filter Sterilization of Fermenter Inlet Air ...................................326
Sterilization of Fermenter Exhaust Air .......................................327
Vessel Vent Filters .......................................................................330
References ..........................................................................................330
CHAPTER 6 Culture Preservation and Inoculum Development .....335
Preservation of Industrially Important Cell Cultures and
Microorganisms .................................................................................335
Storage at Reduced Temperature ................................................335
Storage in a Dehydrated Form ....................................................337
Quality Control of Preserved Stock Cultures .............................337
Inoculum Development ......................................................................342
Criteria for the Transfer of Inoculum .................................................348
Development of Inocula for Animal Cell Processes ..........................351
Development of Inocula for Yeast Processes .....................................358
Baker’s Yeast ...............................................................................358