Practical Guide to Linux Commands Editors and Shell Programming

02010·11.31 MB·English

A Practical Guide to Linux
Commands, Editors, and
Shell Programming @Team
DDU
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
Table Of Contents
1. A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming ................................. 8
2. Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 8
3. Copyright ................................................................................................................................. 15
4. Praise for Mark Sobell's Books ................................................................................................ 16
5. Preface .................................................................................................................................... 17
5.1 Command line interface (CLI) ........................................................................................... 17
5.2 Linux distributions ............................................................................................................. 18
5.3 Overlap .............................................................................................................................. 18
5.4 Audience ........................................................................................................................... 18
5.5 Benefits ............................................................................................................................. 18
5.6 Features Of This Book ....................................................................................................... 18
5.7 Contents ............................................................................................................................ 19
5.8 Supplements ..................................................................................................................... 23
5.9 Thanks ............................................................................................................................... 24
6. Chapter 1. Welcome to Linux.................................................................................................. 25
6.1 Free beer ........................................................................................................................... 26
6.2 The Gnu-Linux Connection ................................................................................................ 26
6.3 The Heritage of Linux: Unix ............................................................................................... 29
6.4 What is so good about linux? ............................................................................................ 30
6.5 Overview of Linux ............................................................................................................. 33
6.6 Additional Features of Linux ............................................................................................. 38
6.7 Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................. 40
6.8 Exercises ............................................................................................................................ 40
7. Part I: The Linux Operating System ......................................................................................... 41
7.1 Chapter 2. Getting Started ................................................................................................ 41
7.1.1 Conventions Used in This Book .................................................................................. 42
7.1.2 Logging In ................................................................................................................... 45
7.1.3 Working with the Shell ............................................................................................... 47
7.1.4 Curbing Your Power: Superuser Access ..................................................................... 50
7.1.5 Getting the Facts: Where to Find Documentation..................................................... 51
7.1.6 More About Logging In .............................................................................................. 59
7.1.7 Chapter Summary ...................................................................................................... 63
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
7.1.8 Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 63
7.1.9 Advanced Exercises .................................................................................................... 64
7.2 Chapter 3. Command Line Utilities ................................................................................... 64
7.2.1 Special Characters ...................................................................................................... 65
7.2.2 Basic Utilities .............................................................................................................. 67
7.2.3 Working with Files ..................................................................................................... 70
7.2.4 | (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes ............................................................. 80
7.2.5 Four More Utilities ..................................................................................................... 81
7.2.6 Compressing and Archiving Files ............................................................................... 85
7.2.7 Locating Commands ................................................................................................... 93
7.2.8 Obtaining User and System Information ................................................................... 96
7.2.9 Communicating with Other Users............................................................................ 102
7.2.10 Email....................................................................................................................... 103
7.2.11 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 104
7.2.12 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 107
7.2.13 Advanced Exercises ................................................................................................ 108
7.3 Chapter 4. The Linux Filesystem ..................................................................................... 109
7.3.1 The Hierarchical Filesystem ..................................................................................... 110
7.3.2 Directory and Ordinary Files .................................................................................... 111
7.3.3 Working with Directories ......................................................................................... 124
7.3.4 touch ........................................................................................................................ 125
7.3.5 Access peremissions ................................................................................................ 128
7.3.6 Links ......................................................................................................................... 134
7.3.7 Chapter summary .................................................................................................... 142
7.3.8 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 144
7.3.9 ADVANCED EXERCISES ............................................................................................. 146
7.4 Chapter 5. The Shell ........................................................................................................ 147
7.4.1 The Command Line .................................................................................................. 148
7.4.2 Standard Input and Standard Output ...................................................................... 156
7.4.3 Running a Program in the Background .................................................................... 172
7.4.4 Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion ............................................................ 175
7.4.5 Builtins ..................................................................................................................... 182
7.4.6 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................... 183
7.4.7 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 184
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
7.4.8 Advanced Exercises .................................................................................................. 186
8. Part II: The Editors ................................................................................................................. 187
8.1 Chapter 6. The vim Editor ............................................................................................... 187
8.1.1 History ...................................................................................................................... 188
8.1.2 Tutorial: Creating and Editing a File with vim .......................................................... 189
8.1.3 The compatible Parameter ...................................................................................... 198
8.1.4 Introduction to vim Features ................................................................................... 199
8.1.5 Command Mode: Moving the Cursor ...................................................................... 205
8.1.6 Input Mode .............................................................................................................. 210
8.1.7 Command Mode: Deleting and Changing Text ........................................................ 211
8.1.8 Searching and Substituting ...................................................................................... 215
8.1.9 Miscellaneous Commands ....................................................................................... 223
8.1.10 Yank, Put, and Delete Commands .......................................................................... 224
8.1.11 Reading and Writing Files ...................................................................................... 226
8.1.12 Setting Parameters ................................................................................................ 228
8.1.13 Advanced Editing Techniques ................................................................................ 234
8.1.14 Units of Measure ................................................................................................... 239
8.1.15 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 243
8.1.16 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 248
8.1.17 Advanced Exercises ................................................................................................ 249
8.2 Chapter 7. The emacs Editor ........................................................................................... 250
8.2.1 History ...................................................................................................................... 251
8.2.2 Tutorial: Getting Started with emacs ....................................................................... 253
8.2.3 Basic Editing Commands .......................................................................................... 260
8.2.4 Online Help .............................................................................................................. 266
8.2.5 Advanced Editing ..................................................................................................... 268
8.2.6 Language-Sensitive Editing ...................................................................................... 282
8.2.7 More Information .................................................................................................... 299
8.2.8 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................... 299
8.2.9 Exercises ................................................................................................................... 308
8.2.10 Advanced Exercises ................................................................................................ 310
9. Part III: THE SHELLS ............................................................................................................... 312
9.1 Chapter 8. The Bourne Again Shell ................................................................................. 312
9.1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 313
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
9.1.2 Shell Basics ............................................................................................................... 314
9.1.3 Parameters and Variables ........................................................................................ 342
9.1.4 Processes.................................................................................................................. 364
9.1.5 History ...................................................................................................................... 368
9.1.6 Aliases ...................................................................................................................... 392
9.1.7 Functions .................................................................................................................. 399
9.1.8 Controlling bash Features and Options ................................................................... 403
9.1.9 Processing The Command Line ................................................................................ 408
9.1.10 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 422
9.1.11 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 424
9.1.12 Advanced Exercises ................................................................................................ 427
9.2 Chapter 9. The Tc Shell ................................................................................................... 429
9.2.1 Assignment statement ............................................................................................. 430
10. Part IV: Programming Tools ................................................................................................ 492
10.1 Chapter 10. Programming Tools ................................................................................... 493
10.1.1 Programming In C .................................................................................................. 493
10.1.2 Using Shared Libraries ........................................................................................... 504
10.1.3 make: Keeps a Set of Programs Current ................................................................ 507
10.1.4 Debugging C Programs ........................................................................................... 519
10.1.5 Threads .................................................................................................................. 534
10.1.6 System Calls ........................................................................................................... 534
10.1.7 Source Code Management .................................................................................... 536
10.1.8 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 552
10.1.9 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 553
10.1.10 Advanced Exercises .............................................................................................. 553
10.2 Chapter 11. Programming The Bourne Again Shell ...................................................... 555
10.2.1 Control Structures .................................................................................................. 558
10.2.2 file Descriptors ....................................................................................................... 612
10.2.3 Parameters And Variables ..................................................................................... 619
10.2.4 Builtin Commands .................................................................................................. 638
10.2.5 Expressions ............................................................................................................ 658
10.2.6 Shell Programs ....................................................................................................... 672
10.2.7 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 689
10.2.8 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 691
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
10.2.9 Advanced Exercises ................................................................................................ 693
10.3 Chapter 12. The gawk Pattern Processing Language .................................................... 695
10.3.1 Syntax ..................................................................................................................... 696
10.3.2 Arguments .............................................................................................................. 697
10.3.3 Options ................................................................................................................... 697
10.3.4 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 698
10.3.5 Language Basics ..................................................................................................... 698
10.3.6 Examples ................................................................................................................ 707
10.3.7 Error Messages ...................................................................................................... 750
10.3.8 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 752
10.3.9 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 752
10.3.10 Advanced Exercises .............................................................................................. 753
10.4 Chapter 13. The sed Editor ........................................................................................... 753
10.4.1 Syntax ..................................................................................................................... 754
10.4.2 Arguments .............................................................................................................. 754
10.4.3 Options ................................................................................................................... 754
10.4.4 Editor Basics ........................................................................................................... 755
10.4.5 Examples ................................................................................................................ 758
10.4.6 Chapter Summary .................................................................................................. 776
10.4.7 Exercises ................................................................................................................. 777
11. Part V: Command Reference............................................................................................... 778
11.1 Command Reference .................................................................................................... 778
11.1.1 Utilities That Display and Manipulate Files ............................................................ 778
11.1.2 Network Utilities .................................................................................................... 779
11.1.3 Utilities That Display and Alter Status ................................................................... 780
11.1.4 Utilities That Are Programming Tools .................................................................... 780
11.1.5 Miscellaneous Utilities ........................................................................................... 781
11.1.6 Standard Multiplicative Suffixes ............................................................................ 781
11.1.7 Common Options ................................................................................................... 782
11.1.8 The sample Utility .................................................................................................. 782
12. Part VI: Appendixes ........................................................................................................... 1084
12.1 Appendix A. Regular Expressions ................................................................................ 1084
12.1.1 Characters ............................................................................................................ 1085
12.1.2 Delimiters ............................................................................................................. 1085
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
12.1.3 Simple Strings ....................................................................................................... 1085
12.1.4 Special Characters ................................................................................................ 1086
12.1.5 Rules ..................................................................................................................... 1088
12.1.6 Bracketing Expressions ........................................................................................ 1090
12.1.7 The Replacement String ....................................................................................... 1091
12.1.8 Extended Regular Expressions ............................................................................. 1092
12.1.9 Appendix Summary .............................................................................................. 1093
12.2 Appendix B. Help ......................................................................................................... 1094
12.2.1 Solving A Problem ................................................................................................ 1095
12.2.2 Finding Linux-Related Information ...................................................................... 1098
12.2.3 Specifying a Terminal ........................................................................................... 1103
12.3 Appendix C. Keeping The System Up-To-Date ............................................................ 1106
12.3.1 yum: Updates And Installs Packages.................................................................... 1106
12.3.2 APT: An Alternative To yum ................................................................................. 1110
12.3.3 BitTorrent ............................................................................................................. 1119
13. Glossary ............................................................................................................................. 1123
14. Index ................................................................................................................................. 1218
14.1 index_SYMBOL ............................................................................................................ 1218
14.2 index_A ....................................................................................................................... 1223
14.3 index_B ....................................................................................................................... 1226
14.4 index_C ....................................................................................................................... 1233
14.5 index_D ....................................................................................................................... 1241
14.6 index_E ........................................................................................................................ 1247
14.7 index_F ........................................................................................................................ 1253
14.8 index_G ....................................................................................................................... 1261
14.9 index_H ....................................................................................................................... 1263
14.10 index_I ....................................................................................................................... 1265
14.11 index_J ...................................................................................................................... 1268
14.12 index_K ..................................................................................................................... 1268
14.13 index_L ...................................................................................................................... 1270
14.14 index_M .................................................................................................................... 1273
14.15 index_N ..................................................................................................................... 1277
14.16 index_O ..................................................................................................................... 1279
14.17 index_P...................................................................................................................... 1281
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
14.18 index_Q ..................................................................................................................... 1287
14.19 index_R ..................................................................................................................... 1287
14.20 index_S ...................................................................................................................... 1291
14.21 index_T ...................................................................................................................... 1304
14.22 index_U ..................................................................................................................... 1308
14.23 index_V ..................................................................................................................... 1314
14.24 index_W .................................................................................................................... 1321
14.25 index_X ..................................................................................................................... 1324
14.26 index_Y ...................................................................................................................... 1324
14.27 index_Z ...................................................................................................................... 1325
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A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
1. A Practical Guide to Linux
Commands, Editors, and Shell
Programming
By Mark G. Sobell
...............................................
Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR
Pub Date: July 01, 2005
ISBN: 0-13-147823-0
Pages: 1008

Table of Contents(See 2.) | Index(See 14.)

The essential reference for core commands that Linux users need daily, along with superior
tutorial on shell programming and much moreSystem administrators, software
developers, quality assurance engineers and others working on a Linux system need to work
from the command line in order to be effective. Linux is famous for its huge number of
command line utility programs, and the programs themselves are famous for their large
numbers of options, switches, and configuration files. But the truth is that users will only use a
limited (but still significant) number of these utilities on a recurring basis, and then only with a
subset of the most important and useful options, switches and configuration files. This book
cuts through all the noise and shows them which utilities are most useful, and which options
most important. And it contains examples, lot's and lot's of examples. This is not just a reprint
of the man pages.
And Linux is also famous for its "programmability." Utilities are designed, by default, to work
wtih other utilities within shell programs as a way of automating system tasks. This book
contains a superb introduction to Linux shell programming. And since shell programmers need
to write their programs in text editors, this book covers the two most popular ones: vi and
emacs.

2. Table of Contents
A Practical Guide to Linux® Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming
By Mark G. Sobell
8
A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming @Team DDU
...............................................
Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR
Pub Date: July 01, 2005
ISBN: 0-13-147823-0
Pages: 1008

Table of Contents(See 2.) | Index(See 14.)

Copyright(See 3.)

Praise for Mark Sobell's Books(See 4.)

Preface(See 5.)

Command line interface (CLI)(See 5.1)

Linux distributions(See 5.2)

Overlap(See 5.3)

Audience(See 5.4)

Benefits(See 5.5)

Features Of This Book(See 5.6)

Contents(See 5.7)

Supplements(See 5.8)

Thanks(See 5.9)

Chapter 1. Welcome to Linux(See 6.)

Free beer(See 6.1)

The Gnu–Linux Connection(See 6.2)

The Heritage of Linux: Unix(See 6.3)

What is so good about linux?(See 6.4)

Overview of Linux(See 6.5)

Additional Features of Linux(See 6.6)

Chapter Summary(See 6.7)

Exercises(See 6.8)

9