Plumbing engineering design handbook : a plumbing engineer's guide to system design and specification. 4, Plumbing components and equipment

694 Pages·2012·16.37 MB·English

American Society of Plumbing Engineers
Plumbing Engineering
Design Handbook
A Plumbing Engineer’s Guide to System Design and Specifcations
Volume 4
Plumbing Components
and Equipment
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
The ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design and
specifcation of plumbing systems. The publisher makes no guarantees or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the data and infor-
mation contained in this publication. All data and information are provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in
rendering legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or other expert assistance
is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.
American Society of Plumbing Engineers
6400 Shafer Court, Suite 350
Rosemont, IL 60018
[phone] • Fax: [phone]
E-mail:
xii ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 4
Figures
Figure 1-1 Blowout (A) and Siphon-Jet (B) Water Closets ................................................................... 3
Figure 1-2 (A) Close-Coupled, (B) One-Piece, and (C) Flushometer Water Closets ............................ 3
Figure 1-3 Floor-Mounted, Back-Outlet Water Closet .......................................................................... 4
Figure 1-4 Wall-Hung Water Closet ....................................................................................................... 4
Figure 1-5 Standard Rough-In Dimension for Water Closet Outlet to the Back Wall ........................ 4
Figure 1-6 Water Closet Compartment Spacing Requirements ........................................................... 6
Figure 1-7 Minimum Chase Sizes for Carriers ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 1-8 (A) Gravity Tank and (B) Flushometer Tank ..................................................................... 8
Figure 1-9 Required Urinal Spacing ...................................................................................................... 9
Figure 1-10 Minimum Chase Sizes for Urinals ....................................................................................... 9
Figure 1-11 Recommended Installation Dimensions for a Lavatory ................................................... 10
Figure 1-12 Minimum Chase Sizes for Lavatories ................................................................................ 10
Figure 1-13 Standard Dimensions for a Residential Kitchen Sink ...................................................... 11
Figure 1-14 Commercial Kitchen Sink Discharging to a Grease Interceptor ...................................... 11
Figure 1-15 Typical Drinking Fountain Height ................................................................................... 13
Figure 1-16 Built-in-Place Shower ........................................................................................................ 16
Figure 1-17 Standard Bathtub ............................................................................................................... 17
Figure 1-18 Floor Drain ......................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 1-19 Trench Drain ...................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 1-20 Emergency Shower ............................................................................................................ 18
Figure 2-1 Cast Iron Soil Pipe Joints ................................................................................................... 26
Figure 2-2 Cast Iron Soil Pipe (Extra-Heavy and Service Classes) .................................................... 26
Figure 2-3 Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings .......................................................................... 26
Figure 2-4 Joints and Fittings for Ductile Iron Pipe .......................................................................... 31
Figure 2-5 Copper Tube Flared Fittings .............................................................................................. 39
Figure 2-6 Copper and Bronze Joints and Fittings ............................................................................. 39
Figure 2-7 Copper Drainage Fittings ................................................................................................... 40
Figure 2-8 Standard Glass Pipe ........................................................................................................... 41
Figure 2-9 Standard Glass Pipe Couplings .......................................................................................... 41
Table of Contents xiii
Figure 2-10 Typical Glass Pipe Joint Reference Chart ......................................................................... 41
Figure 2-11 Standard Glass Fittings ...................................................................................................... 42
Figure 2-12 Plastic Pipe Fittings ........................................................................................................... 48
Figure 2-13 Fusion Lock Process in Operation ..................................................................................... 51
Figure 2-14 (A) Duriron Pipe and (B) Duriron Joint ............................................................................ 53
Figure 2-15 Copper Pipe Mechanical T-joint ......................................................................................... 58
Figure 2-16 Typical Welding Fittings ..................................................................................................... 58
Figure 2-17 Types of Welded Joints ....................................................................................................... 58
Figure 2-18 Anchors and Inserts ............................................................................................................ 59
Figure 2-19 Dielectric Fittings ............................................................................................................... 62
Figure 2-20 Expansion Joints and Guides ............................................................................................. 62
Figure 2-21 Compression Fittings .......................................................................................................... 63
Figure 2-22 Mechanical Joint ................................................................................................................. 63
Figure 2-23 Hangers, Clamps, and Supports ......................................................................................... 64
Figure 2-24 Pipe Union ........................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 2-25 Sleeves ................................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 3-1 Gate Valve ............................................................................................................................ 73
Figure 3-2 Globe Valve .......................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 3-3 Angle Valve .......................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 3-4 Ball Valves ........................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 3-5 Butterfy Valves ................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 3-6 Check Valves ........................................................................................................................ 76
Figure 3-7 Valve Stems ......................................................................................................................... 78
Figure 4-1 Portion of a Close-Coupled Centrifugal Pump With an End-Suction Design ................. 92
Figure 4-2 Inline Centrifugal Pump with a Vertical Shaft ................................................................. 92
Figure 4-3 Enclosed Impeller ............................................................................................................... 93
Figure 4-4 Centrifugal Pump with a Double-Suction Inlet Design .................................................... 93
Figure 4-5 Net Fluid Movement From an Impeller Represented by Vector Y .................................. 95
Figure 4-6 Typical Pump Curve Crossing a System Curve ................................................................ 95
Figure 4-7 Typical Pump Curves and Power Requirements .............................................................. 96
Figure 4-8 Blade Shape and Quantity Versus Performance Curve .................................................... 96
Figure 4-9 Multistage or Vertical Lineshaft Turbine Pump ............................................................... 97
Figure 4-10 Cross-Section of a Grinder Pump with Cutting Blades at the Inlet ................................ 99
Figure 5-1 Insulating Around a Split Ring Hanger .......................................................................... 104
Figure 5-2 Insulating Around a Clevis Hanger ................................................................................. 105
Figure 5-3 Temperature Drop of Flowing Water in a Pipeline ......................................................... 112
Figure 6-1 Types of Hangers and Supports ....................................................................................... 120
Figure 6-2 Types of Hanger and Support Anchors ........................................................................... 124
Figure 6-3 Hanger and Support Anchors for Particular Applications ............................................. 127
Figure 7-1 Transmissibility vs. Frequency Ratio .............................................................................. 139
Figure 7-2 Calculator for Vibration Isolation .................................................................................... 140
xiv ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 4
Figure 7-2(M) Calculator for Vibration Isolation ................................................................................ 141
Figure 7-3 Typical Elastomer and Elastomer-Cork Mountings ....................................................... 142
Figure 7-4 Typical Steel Spring Mounting ....................................................................................... 142
Figure 8-1 Rising and Settling Rates in Still Water .......................................................................... 146
Figure 8-2 Cross-Section of a Grease Interceptor Chamber ............................................................. 147
Figure 8-3 Trajectory Diagram ........................................................................................................... 148
Figure 8-4 (A) Hydromechanical Grease Interceptor; (B) Timer-controlled Grease Removal
Device; (C) FOG Disposal System....................................................................................................... 150
Figure 8-5 (A) Gravity Grease Interceptor; (B) Passive, Tank-Type Grease Interceptor ............... 152
Figure 9-1 Hydrostatics Showing Reduced Absolute Pressure in a Siphon .................................... 160
Figure 9-2 Pipe Network With Four Endpoints ................................................................................ 160
Figure 9-3 Five Typical Plumbing Details Without Cross-Connection Control .............................. 160
Figure 9-4 Siphon Suffciently High to Create a Barometric Loop .................................................. 164
Figure 9-5 Five Typical Plumbing Details With Cross-Connection Control.................................... 164
Figure 9-6 Example of Cross-Connection Controls in a Building .................................................... 165
Figure 9-7 Double Check Valve .......................................................................................................... 165
Figure 9-8 Reduced-Pressure Principle Backfow Preventer ........................................................... 166
Figure 9-9 Dual-Check with Atmospheric Vent ................................................................................. 167
Figure 9-10 Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker .......................................................................................... 167
Figure 9-11 Hose Connection Vacuum Breaker .................................................................................. 167
Figure 10-1 Automatic Chlorinators .................................................................................................... 177
Figure 10-2 Manual Control Chlorinator ............................................................................................ 178
Figure 10-3 Settling Basin .................................................................................................................... 179
Figure 10-4 Mechanical Clarifer .......................................................................................................... 179
Figure 10-5 Rectangular Gravity Sand Filter ..................................................................................... 179
Figure 10-6 Vertical Pressure Sand Filter ........................................................................................... 180
Figure 10-7 Backwashing ..................................................................................................................... 180
Figure 10-8 Filtration and Backsplash Cycles ..................................................................................... 180
Figure 10-9 Mudballs ............................................................................................................................ 181
Figure 10-10 Fissures ............................................................................................................................. 181
Figure 10-11 Gravel Upheaval ............................................................................................................... 181
Figure 10-12 Leaf Design, Diatomaceous Earth Filter ......................................................................... 182
Figure 10-13 Ion Exchange Vessel—Internal Arrangement ................................................................. 183
Figure 10-14 Hydrogen-Sodium Ion Exchange Plant ........................................................................... 184
Figure 10-15 Sodium Cycle Softener Plus Acid Addition ..................................................................... 184
Figure 10-16 Lime Deposited from Water of 10 Grains Hardness as a Function of Water Use and
Temperature ........................................................................................................................................ 185
Figure 10-17 Water Softener Survey Data ............................................................................................. 189
Figure 10-18 Water Softener Sizing Procedure ..................................................................................... 190
Figure 10-19 Water Softener with Salt Recycling System .................................................................... 191
Figure 10-20 Distillation ......................................................................................................................... 191
Table of Contents xv
Figure 10-21 Typical Air Filter .............................................................................................................. 193
Figure 10-22 Schematic Diagram of a Large-Scale Ozone System ...................................................... 195
Figure 10-23 Simplifed Plan View of Ozone System ............................................................................ 196
Figure 10-24 Osmosis .............................................................................................................................. 197
Figure 10-25 Reverse Osmosis ............................................................................................................... 197
Figure 10-26 Approaches to Providing Laboratory-Grade and Reagent-Grade Water ....................... 198
Figure 10-27 Silver Ionization Unit and Control Panel ........................................................................ 199
Figure 11-1 Expansion Loop Detail ..................................................................................................... 207
Figure 11-2 Closed Hot Water System Showing the Effects as Water and Pressure Increase .............. 210
Figure 11-3 Effects of an Expansion Tank in a Closed System as Pressure and Temperature
Increase ........................................................................................................................................... 210
Figure 11-4 Sizing the Expansion Tank .............................................................................................. 212
Figure 12-1 Early Drinking Faucet ...................................................................................................... 215
Figure 12-2 Bottled Water Cooler ........................................................................................................ 216
Figure 12-3 Wheelchair-Accessible Pressure-Type Water Cooler....................................................... 216
Figure 12-4 Pressure-Type Pedestal Water Cooler.............................................................................. 216
Figure 12-5 Wheelchair-Accessible Unit .............................................................................................. 217
Figure 12-6 Dual-Height Design .......................................................................................................... 217
Figure 12-7 Dual-Height Design with Chilling Unit Mounted Above Dispenser .............................. 217
Figure 12-8 Fully Recessed Water Cooler ............................................................................................ 218
Figure 12-9 Fully Recessed Water Cooler with Accessories ................................................................ 218
Figure 12-10 Fully Recessed, Barrier-Free Water Cooler ..................................................................... 218
Figure 12-11 Semi-Recessed or Simulated Recessed Water Cooler ...................................................... 218
Figure 12-12 Bottle Filler ....................................................................................................................... 219
Figure 12-13 Water Cooler Accessories .................................................................................................. 219
Figure 12-14 Upfeed Central System ..................................................................................................... 220
Figure 12-15 Downfeed Central System ................................................................................................ 221
Figure 12-16 Drinking Fountains........................................................................................................... 222
Figure 13-1 Kinetically Operated Aerobic Bioremediation System ................................................... 228
Figure 14-1 Typical Small Rainwater Cistern System Diagram ........................................................ 236
Figure 14-2 Graywater vs. Black Water ............................................................................................... 239
Figure 14-3 Simple Solar Domestic Water Heater Diagram ............................................................... 240
xvi ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 4
Tables
Table 1-1 Plumbing Fixture Standards .............................................................................................. 2
Table 1-2 Faucet Flow Rate Restrictions .......................................................................................... 12
Table 1-3 Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures (IPC Table 403.1) .......................... 20
Table 1-4 Minimum Plumbing Facilities (UPC Table 422.1) ........................................................... 22
Table 2-1 Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Extra-Heavy Cast Iron Soil Pipe and
Fittings ............................................................................................................................... 27
Table 2-1(M) Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Extra-Heavy Cast Iron Soil Pipe and
Fittings ............................................................................................................................... 27
Table 2-2 Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Service Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings ...28
Table 2-2(M) Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Service Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings ........ 28
Table 2-3 Dimensions of Spigots and Barrels for Hubless Pipe and Fittings ................................. 29
Table 2-4 Standard Minimum Pressure Classes of Ductile Iron Single-Thickness Cement-Lined
Pipe ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Table 2-5 Dimensions and Approximate Weights of Circular Concrete Pipe ................................. 30
Table 2-6 Commercially Available Lengths of Copper Plumbing Tube .......................................... 32
Table 2-7 Dimensional and Capacity Data—Type K Copper Tube ................................................. 33
Table 2-7(M) Dimensional and Capacity Data—Type K Copper Tube ................................................. 34
Table 2-8 Dimensional and Capacity Data—Type L Copper Tube.................................................. 35
Table 2-8(M) Dimensional and Capacity Data—Type L Copper Tube ................................................. 36
Table 2-9 Dimensional and Capacity Data—Type M Copper Tube ................................................. 37
Table 2-9(M) Dimensional and Capacity Data—Type M Copper Tube ................................................ 38
Table 2-10 Dimensional Data—Type DWV Copper Tube .................................................................. 38
Table 2-11 Dimensional and Capacity Data—Schedule 40 Steel Pipe .............................................. 44
Table 2-11(M) Dimensional and Capacity Data—Schedule 40 Steel Pipe .............................................. 45
Table 2-12 Dimensional and Capacity Data—Schedule 80 Steel Pipe .............................................. 46
Table 2-12(M) Dimensional and Capacity Data—Schedule 80 Steel Pipe .............................................. 47
Table 2-13 Plastic Pipe Data ............................................................................................................... 48
Table 2-13(M) Plastic Pipe Data ............................................................................................................... 48
Table 2-14 Physical Properties of Plastic Piping Materials ............................................................... 50
Table 2-14(M) Physical Properties of Plastic Piping Materials ............................................................... 50
Table 2-15 Dimensions of Class 1 Standard Strength Perforated Clay Pipe .................................... 54
Table of Contents xvii
Table 2-15(M) Dimensions of Class 1 Standard Strength Perforated Clay Pipe .................................... 54
Table 2-16 Dimensions of Class 1 Extra Strength Clay Pipe ............................................................ 55
Table 2-16(M) Dimensions of Class 1 Extra Strength Clay Pipe ............................................................ 55
Table 2-17 Maximum and Minimum Rod Sizes for Copper Piping ................................................... 65
Table 2-18 Pipe Union Dimensions ..................................................................................................... 65
Table 4-1 Centrifugal Pump Affnity Laws ....................................................................................... 95
Table 5-1 Heat Loss in Btuh/ft Length of Fiberglass Insulation ................................................... 106
Table 5-2 Heat Loss from Piping ..................................................................................................... 107
Table 5-3 Insulation Thickness - Equivalent Thickness (in.) ........................................................ 108
Table 5-4 Dewpoint Temperature ................................................................................................... 109
Table 5-5 Insulation Thickness to Prevent Condensation ................................................................. 109
Table 5-6 Insulation Thickness for Personnel Protection ............................................................. 111
Table 5-7 Time for Dormant Water to Freeze ................................................................................ 111
Table 6-1 Maximum Horizontal Pipe Hanger and Support Spacing ............................................. 116
Table 6-2 Pipe Classifcation by Temperature ................................................................................ 118
Table 6-3 Hanger and Support Selections ...................................................................................... 119
Table 6-4 Recommended Minimum Rod Diameter for Single Rigid Rod Hangers ...................... 122
Table 6-5 Load Ratings of Carbon Steel Threaded Hanger Rods .................................................. 122
Table 6-6 Minimum Design Load Ratings for Pipe Hanger Assemblies ....................................... 123
Table 7-1 The Relative Effectiveness of Steel Springs, Rubber, and Cork in the Various Speed
Ranges .............................................................................................................................. 139
Table 8-1 Droplet Rise Time ............................................................................................................ 149
Table 9-1 Plumbing System Hazards .............................................................................................. 161
Table 9-2 Application of Cross-Connection Control Devices ......................................................... 163
Table 9-3 Types of Back-Pressure Backfow Preventer ................................................................. 164
Table 9-4 Types of Vacuum Breakers .............................................................................................. 164
Table 10-1 Chemical Names, Common Names, and Formulas ........................................................ 173
Table 10-2 Water Treatment—Impurities and Constituents, Possible Effects and Suggested
Treatments ....................................................................................................................... 174
Table 10-3 Water Consumption Guide .............................................................................................. 187
Table 10-4 Comparison of Laboratory-Grade Water Quality Produced by Centralized Systems .. 197
Table 10-5 Applications of Purifed Water ........................................................................................ 199
Table 11-1 Linear Coeffcients of Thermal Expansion or Contraction ........................................... 207
Table 11-2 Developed Length of Pipe to Accommodate 1½-inch Movement .................................. 207
Table 11-3 Approximate Sine Wave Confguration With Displacement ......................................... 208
Table 11-4 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at a Saturated Liquid ......................................... 209
Table 11-5 Nominal Volume of Piping .............................................................................................. 211
Table 12-1 Standard Rating Conditions ........................................................................................... 216
Table 12-2 Drinking Water Requirements ........................................................................................ 223
Table 12-3 Refrigeration Load ........................................................................................................... 223
Table 12-4 Circulating System Line Loss ......................................................................................... 224
xviii ASPE Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook — Volume 4
Table 12-5 Circulating Pump Heat Input ......................................................................................... 224
Table 12-6 Circulating Pump Capacity ............................................................................................. 224
Table 12-7 Friction of Water in Pipes ............................................................................................... 225
Table 12-8 Pressure Drop Calculations for Example 12-1 ............................................................... 225
Table 14-1 Treatment Stages for Water Reuse ................................................................................. 234
Table 14-2 Rainwater Treatment Options ........................................................................................ 237
Table 14-3 Filtration/Disinfection Method Comparison .................................................................. 237
Table 14-4 Storage Tank Options ...................................................................................................... 238
Table 14-5 Comparison of Graywater and Black Water ................................................................... 239
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Plumbing Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Fixture Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Vitreous China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Nonvitreous China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Enameled Cast Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Porcelain Enameled Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Plastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Soapstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Terrazzo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
LEED and Plumbing Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Water Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Water Closet Bowl Shape and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Bariatric Water Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Water Closet Seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Water Closet Flushing Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Water Closet Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Water Closet Flushing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Urinals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Urinal Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Urinal Flushing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Urinal Flushing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Urinal Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lavatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lavatory Size and Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lavatory Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Kitchen Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Residential Kitchen Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Commercial Kitchen Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Service Sinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12