Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective PDF
Preview Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective
GANIZATIONAL LEARNING: ATHEORYOF Ac-I---'ION PERSPECTIVE ChriAsr gyris DonalAd. S chon ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING: A OF THEORY ACTIONP ERSPECTIVE ChriAsr gyriHsa rvardU niversity DonalAd. S chon MassachusIentsttsi toufTt eec hnology ADDISON-WESLPEUYB LISHICNOGM PANY ReadinMga,s sachus•e Mtetnsl Poa rkC,a lifornia Londono Amsterdao mD onM illOsn,t ario oS ydney ....... Copyrig©h 1t9 7b8y A ddison-WePsulbelyi shCionmgp any,I ncP.h ilippcionpeysr ight 197b8y A ddison-WePsulbelyi shCionmgp an,yI nc. All righrtess ervNeodp .a rotf t hipsu )>licamtaiyob ne r eproducsetdo,r ienda retrieval osryt srtaenms,m ititnae ndy,f ormo rb ya nym eanse,l ectromneicch,a n icaplh,o tocopyriencgo,r dionrog t,h erwiswei,t hotuhtep riowrr ittpeenr missoifo n thep ublisher. iPntr hieUn ntietde Sdt atoefsA mericPau.b lisshiemdu ltaneionu sly CanadaL.i braorfyC ongreCsast alCoagr dN o.7 7-81195. ISHN0 -201-00174-8 CDEFGHIJKL-AL-89876543210 Preface Thibso okh asg rowfnr omo ure arileirn quiirnytt oh teh eoroifea cs tion wihnidcihv idburailntsgot heiintre arctiownitsoh n ea noth.Ie nr Theoyri nP ractwei dcees,cr itbheetd h eories-wihni-cuhs eg uide our interperbseohnaiavolrc ,r eateb ethhaev iowroarllid nsw hicwhe l ive, andi nfluebnocteoh u rl ong-teefrfme ctivaenndoe usrcs apacity for lenarin.gO riignal,wl ey hadp lannienda chaptoefrt habto okt o appltyh et heorofya ctipoenr specttoit vheep robleomfo rgnaiza tioncaalp acfiotrly e arn.iB nugtw e coulndo tw ritteh acth atperi;t callfeodar conceptburaildw ghei cwhe.h ad nyoettb ulita- bridge betweetnh ew orlodf i nterperbseohnaavlia onrdt hew orlodf t he organtiizo.aTn hee ffowret h adp roejctefdo ra few monhtahsbs e comea four-yeenatre rprwihsaetb; e gaans a chapthearsb ecomae boo.k Int hep resewnotr kw,e arguteh aotr gantiizoaanrse n otc ollec tionosfi ndividwuhailcsch a nb eu ndesrtoosdo leilnyt ermosf t he socipaslcy holoogfgy r oubpe haovriN.e tihearr et heuyn derstandable onlays s truurcetosf a uthoraintdyi nformtaiofnl-owo,r a si nstru mentsf ort he achieovfes moecniptau lr posoersa ,ss ystefmoscr o m municatainodcn o nt,ro orla sc utlur,eo sr tahse atfeorrts h ep laoyf conlfcitosf i nterSeosctli.p a sychologsiosctiso,il sotmgsa,n agement theorissytsst,e amnsa lysatnst,h ropiosltoasgn,d p oltiicsacli teinsts havee xaminoerdg naizatipohneanlo nmae,e acihn quirer using the perspecctuirvreei nnht i dsi scip.El aicnphee rspecotfifveaer u sn iuqe iii iv Preface andi nterevsiteiownf go rganaiitzonaaclt iaonndo ft hwea ysi nw hich organtiizoanmsa y be saitdo l ea.r Innt heA ppenxd,iw e have descritbheedsp ee rspectainvdte hse a pproacthoeo sr gnaizational learning mwahybi ecd he rivferdo mt hemB.u tn os ingpleer spective giveaws o rkabblaes eiis thfeordr i agnogs tihniem pedimetnoot rsg a nizatiolneaalr nionrg fdoers igniinntge rvteinonwsh ichw ould increoarsgea ntiizoancaalp acfiotlrye narin.g An intervteoinn-oriepnetresdp ecotnio vrgea nizatiloenaarln ing depenudpso na syntheosfoi sth erp erescptiv.eI sti sn ecessawrey , belietvoe , shhooww o rganizationsa,c to nwlhyti hcrho·u tghhe agencoyfi ndiuvaildcsa,n notr ebdeu cteocd o llteincoso fi ndiuvaild.s Iti sn ecesstaoer xylp aihno wo rgnaizatitohnesm selavreets h eoroife s acti-otnheoroifea sc tiwohni cahr em aitnainaendd t ransfobrym ed individwuhaool csc upryo lweist hoirng anizasttirouncatlau nrdle isv e int hbee haviowroarll ddsr apeodv etrh osset ruurcet.sI ti sn ecessary tos howh owt hbee haviowroarllm da yc osntraoirfn a iclittahtjeeo int inquitrhyr ouwghhi cehr roirno rgantiizoantahle oorfya ction bmea y detecatnedcd o rcrtee.d We belietvheaa tp reocpcautiwoint ahn ormattihveeo orfyi nter ventiporno vitdhebese sstt artpionignf to art heoorfyo rgaznaiotnial learn.iS nugcah t heorwye,h opew,i lbleo fu seb ottho p rcatitioners andt os chol-aorfsg reatuessetp, e rhaptso,t hes malbla ndo f scholparrat-ciotnierosn w homt hef utuorfer eseairnctho or ganiza tionlaela rnmionsgdt e pen.d s Int hee arlsyt agoefso urw or,kw e havpe rofiftreodms eminars helda tM .I.sT D.i'visifoonrS tudayn dR esearicnhE ducati,o n especifarlolmdy i scusswiiotnShsi rG eoffreVyi ckeTrosm, Bums, andM artiRne i.nC laAyl derfLeere·, B olmaBne,r naCrudl l,eS nteve Ehrma,nR nichaHradck man,E lliJoatq ueWsi,l liRaomn oc,R oger Simmondasn,dJ ohVna nMaanehna vael rle aodu rm anuscript and wea rger atetfotu hle fmo r tchretiiircm iss,a s waer te oS cott Cfooork helipnp repartihnAegp penidx. CambridMgaes,.s C.A. Octo1b9e77r D.A..S Contents IntroducTthieOo rng anizaotfit ohne Bo1o k PART I A FramewfoorOrkr ganizaLteiaornnai7ln g Chapt1e rW hatI sa nO rganizatthiaoItntM ay Learn?8 TheQ uestion 8 TheoroyfA ctio1n0 PerspecotniO vregsa niza1t2i on Imagaensd Ma1p6s OrganizatLieoanranli1 n7g Summar2y8 Chapt2e rWh atF acilitoraI tnehsi bOirtgsa nizatLieoanranli n3g0? TheM ercuSrtyo r3y0 PerspecotniO vregsa nizatLieoanranli3 n6g Summar4y3 PARTI I LimiLteeadr nSiynsgmt se 45 Chapert3 PrimaLroyo pasn dL imitLeeda rni4n6g Case1 :Ca rlo4s8 Cas2e: R obert63o Case3 :The Pri7n1c ipal v vi Conetnts Case4 :L inaen dF inanEcxieaclu ti7v8e s Summar8y4 Chapt4e Prr imarLyo optsh aItn hibDietu tero-Lea8rn6i ng Introduc8t6i on Case1 : TNhaer roFwu nne8l8 Case2 D:i lemmoafsR edesi9g6n Summar1y0 7 Chapt5e Ar Modeolf L imited-LeSayrsntienmg1s 0 9 Introduc1t0i9o n Colum4n: P rimaIrnyh ibiLtooorpys1 12 Colum5n: U nawareness; DysDfyunnacmtiic1os1n 2a l Colum7n:C orrectaanbdl eU ncotrarbEelrcer or1s1 5 Colum8nC: amoufla1g1e6 Colum9n: P rimaLroyo ptsh aItn hiDbeiutt eLreoa-rni1n1g7 Colum1n0 D:e creaPsreo babifloDiro tuyb lLeo-oapn d DeuteLreoa-rniInngc;r eDaosueb lBei ndfsoI rn divid1u1a8l s Sourcoef0s - 1M odeOlr ganizat1i1o9n s PARTI II InterveTnotwiaor0nd- 1 O1r ganizaLteiaornnai1ln2 9g Chapt6e rO- IlL earniSnygs tem1s3 0 Carlaonsd t hPeM :A NewS cenar1i3o1 ModeIlIT heory-in-Use 136 Unawarenoefts hsIe n abitlDoio tuyb lLeo-oLp ear1n3 9 Mode0l- 1L1e arnSiynsgt e1m4 1 TesftosEr v aluating Good1 4D4i alectic ThDei aleCcotnitcr aswtietOdht hePre rspecotfi ves OrganizatRiatoinoanla alniCdth ya nge14 6 A ScenaorfiO or ganizaDtoiuobnlael- LLoeoapr ni1n4g7 Chapt7e Irn troducttoIi novne rvent1i5o8n MapsM,a ppinagn,dL earni1n5g9 0-1L earnSiynsgt eamnsdM appin1g6 1 A BriIelfl ustorfaM toidoenlIa s n d0 -11 61 TheT ensiaomno nDgi fferVeinetwo sft h eO bjectoifvI enst erven1t6i4o n Chapt8e rCo mprehensIinvtee rvent1io6n7 ThCeo mponenotfasC omprehenIsnitveer vePnrtoicoen1s 6s7 IntervenTthieIo nni:tP ihaals 1e7 1 OrganizatGiaomneas1l 8 2 Conetnts vii Chapt9e Lri mitIendt erven2t0i7on Moreo ft hMee rcuSrtyo r2y0 8 A Summaroyft hPeh asoefst hIen terven2t2i0o n PARTIV PartMioadell osfI ntertvieo2nn2 3 Chapert1 0 Other ApprotaocI hnetse rven2t2i5o n CaseA :T heS tructAuprparlo ac22h5 CaseB :A Structural-EdAupcpartoiaoc23nh9a l CasCe: S tructural-InterAoprpgraonaiczha:t ional A SocioloPgeircsaple c2t5i2v e CaseDS:t ructural-InterAoprpgraonaiczha:t ional A politSicciaelnP ceer spec2t6i0v e CaseE :T heM anagement-InformatAipopnr-oSayc26sh8t em ·C asFe: B ehavioOrrailelnyIt netde rven2t7i6o n ChapterS u1m1m arayn dI mplicatoifPo anrsIt V 292 CaseA 292 CaseB 293 CaseC2 95 CaseD2 96 CaseE 297 CaseF2 98 Implicat2i9o9n s PARTV Conclusi3o07n Chapt1e2r D irectifoonrFs u turRee sear3c0h8 Testitnh0ge- IM odel3 08 TestiMnogd eOl- Ialn dt hIen terveTnhteiooryn3 11 Append3i1x9 A Revieowft hLei teraotnuO rreg anization Learning: TheT heoryA-cotfi-Poenr specitnCi ovnet ex3t1 9 TheS iPxe rspecotniO vregsa nizational Learning, andt hTeh eoryA-cotfi-Poenr spec3t2i9v e Referen33c2e s Bibliogr3a37p hy Inde3x4 0 Introduction Several yeatrhse t oapgm oan ageemnto fa multilbiioldno llar corpotriaodne cidtehda Ptr oudctX wasa failaunrdes houbledd is bande.Td hel ossiensv olevxecde edoendeh undrmeidl lidoonl l.aA rts leatfs ivpee opklnee wt htaP roducXtw asa f ailsuiryxee arbse fotrhee decsiiowna st aketnos otpp rodugc iitnT.h reoef t hospee opwleer e planmta nagewrhso l ivedda ilwyi tthh ep roductiporno ble.Tm hse othetrw ow ermea rketoifnfgi cialrse awlhitozh etadt hmea nufactur inpgr oblewmesr neo tso lvawbilhteou te xpendittuhrawetos u ldr aise thep ricoeft hep roudctt ot hep oinwth eriet w oulndo l ongebre comptetiivient hmea rket. Theraer see verraela sownhsy t hiisn fortmiaodni dno tg etto t he tops oonerA.tf ir,ts htseu obrditneabse lietvhetadw itehx ceptionally harwdo rkt hemyi ghttu rtnh eer roirnosts uccessBeutst .h meo ret hey struggtlhemedo ,r et herye alitzhemeda ssiveonfet shsoe r iginal. error Then etx tawsakst oc ommunictaet heb adn ewsu pwarsdo t htai t woulbde h ear.Td heyk newt htai nt heciorm panbya dn ewsw ould notb ew elrle ceiavtet dh uep pelre veilfis wt a sn ota cocmpaniweitdh suggestfiooprno ssi vteia cti.To hneya lskon ewt htat het opm anage mentw ase nthusiastdiecsaclrliyPb riondgcu tX as nae wl eadienri ts filed.T heref,ot rheesyp enmtu cht imceo mposimnegm ost htaw ould communitceta hreea ltiiewsi tohuts hockitnogpm anagement. Middlmea nageemntr eatdh em emosa nd fountdh emt ooo pen andf ohrrtighStic.ne t hehya dd onet hep rodtuicoann dm arkteign 1 2 Introduction sutditehstar esuilntt ehddee cistiopo rdnou cXe,t hmee mofsrm o the lower-mlaenvaegle tmq eunetosinetdh vea lyi doiftt heainarl y.s is Thewya netdt imteo" erayl lcheck"g lootmhype rsdeei cntsai nodif, thewye raec cautret,od esiagtlne rtniavceo rrescrttatievge.i I efts he pessimiisnftoirtcmi aowna st ob es enutp warmdi,d dmlaen amgeent wantedi ta ccpoamniewdi tohp timiascttiiacotl ne rtniav.eH sence fruhtedre l.a y Oncmei ddmlaeang eemnwta sc onvintchetadt hgeol ompyr edic tionwse rvea litdh,eb ye gatnor elesaosmeoe f t he nbeawdts o t he topb-uti nc arefmuelalsyu droesd.e T sheym anagtehdre e leases careftuolm layk ec erttahienwy e r"eoc vereidft" o pm anamgeent becaumpees tT.h et actthiecuy s ewda st oc utth mee mosd ratsicya ll ands ummartihzfeei nndg.is Thaeryg utehdtat hceu st wenreec essary becautsoepm anagnemtwe asa lwacyosm plaianbiotnur ge ceiving lonmge mosi;n de,se modet oepx ecuthiavdle est b eki nto wtnh ta godo memwose rmee msoo fo npea goerl es.sT her elswtua st hatto p management frreacgetmieeivdnfne omdra tiounnd erplgat yhiietnn en siotfyt hper boelm( ontt hper oblisetemla fn)do verpilntaghy e degree tow hicmhi ddmlaen aegmetna ndt h"eet cihewse"r ienc ontorfo lt he prob.l em Top managemtehnetr ecfoonnrtueie tdos peagkl owianbgoltuy thper oudctpa,ir atltloay s sutrhtea wioutl gde t ftihnea nbcakicianlg inte edferdow mi thtihcneo mpya.Ln ow-elremvaeanlg emebnetc ame confuasndee dv enltyud aelprebsesceadtu hseecy o unlodut nd erstand thicso nuteidnt opm anaegmenstu poprtn,o rw hy sutdiewse re orderteoed v altueta hper odtuicoann dm artkeindgi flfiitectsuh ta thehya da rleadiyd teinf.iT ehedirrae ctiwoans to trhefedr uece quenocfyt hemierm soa ndt hiene tnsiotfty h eailra rwmh,i sliem ul taneotuusrlgny i onverre ostnphbseii yl iftdoera lwiinttghh p ero blem tot hmei dd-lmeaangemepneotp l.We henl coapll amnatn ag,ei rns trunw,e re absykt ehdef iorr emaendne mpyleoewsh awta sh appen ing,t hoen lrye spotnhsegeya vwea st htat hceo mpyaw nassu tdying thseiu tatioannd c otningui istsn uprp.toT hiisfn ormabteiwolind ered thfeo remaendnl etdh etmor edutcheec ionrc e.r n Wes houllidtk eou se thtiose xpcalasa eiv nio efow r gantiizoanal laerngi,bn utf isrtw em usdte fian fee wc ocnetp.sO ragnitziaonal learniinnvgo ltvhedese tecatnidco oner ctrioonfe rr.oW rhent he errdoert teecadn d ctoerpdre ercmtihtoesr gnaitziaotnoc arornyi st prespeolnitc oirae csih evisetp renstoe bjetciv,e stthhetaen r ror-detec-
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