Optical Engineering Science

647 Pages·2020·67.985 MB·English

by  Stephen Rolt

OpticalEngineeringScience
Optical Engineering Science
StephenRolt
UniversityofDurham
Sedgefield,UnitedKingdom
Thiseditionfirstpublished2020
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Rolt,Stephen,1956-author.
Title:Opticalengineeringscience/StephenRolt,UniversityofDurham,
Sedgefield,UnitedKingdom.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2020.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2019032028(print)|LCCN2019032029(ebook)|ISBN
9781119302803(hardback)|ISBN9781119302797(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119302810(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Opticalengineering.|Optics.
Classification:LCCTA1520.R652019(print)|LCCTA1520(ebook)|DDC
621.36–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019032028
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019032029
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImages:LinedrawingcoverimagecourtesyofStephenRolt,Background:©AF-studio/GettyImages
Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface xxi
Glossary xxv
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xxix
1 GeometricalOptics 1
1.1 GeometricalOptics–RayandWaveOptics 1
1.2 Fermat’sPrincipleandtheEikonalEquation 2
1.3 SequentialGeometricalOptics–AGeneralisedDescription 3
1.3.1 ConjugatePointsandPerfectImageFormation 4
1.3.2 InfiniteConjugateandFocalPoints 4
1.3.3 PrincipalPointsandPlanes 5
1.3.4 SystemFocalLengths 6
1.3.5 GeneralisedRayTracing 6
1.3.6 AngularMagnificationandNodalPoints 7
1.3.7 CardinalPoints 8
1.3.8 ObjectandImageLocations-Newton’sEquation 8
1.3.9 ConditionsforPerfectImageFormation–HelmholtzEquation 9
1.4 BehaviourofSimpleOpticalComponentsandSurfaces 10
1.4.1 General 10
1.4.2 RefractionataPlaneSurfaceandSnell’sLaw 10
1.4.3 RefractionataCurved(Spherical)Surface 11
1.4.4 RefractionatTwoSphericalSurfaces(Lenses) 12
1.4.5 ReflectionbyaPlaneSurface 13
1.4.6 ReflectionfromaCurved(Spherical)Surface 14
1.5 ParaxialApproximationandGaussianOptics 15
1.6 MatrixRayTracing 16
1.6.1 General 16
1.6.2 DeterminationofCardinalPoints 18
1.6.3 WorkedExamples 18
1.6.4 SpreadsheetAnalysis 21
FurtherReading 21
2 AperturesStopsandSimpleInstruments 23
2.1 FunctionofAperturesandStops 23
2.2 ApertureStops,Chief,andMarginalRays 23
2.3 EntrancePupilandExitPupil 25
2.4 Telecentricity 27
2.5 Vignetting 27
2.6 FieldStopsandOtherStops 28
vi Contents
2.7 TangentialandSagittalRayFans 28
2.8 TwoDimensionalRayFansandAnamorphicOptics 28
2.9 OpticalInvariantandLagrangeInvariant 30
2.10 EccentricityVariable 31
2.11 ImageFormationinSimpleOpticalSystems 31
2.11.1 MagnifyingGlassorEyeLoupe 31
2.11.2 TheCompoundMicroscope 32
2.11.3 SimpleTelescope 34
2.11.4 Camera 35
FurtherReading 36
3 MonochromaticAberrations 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 BreakdownoftheParaxialApproximationandThirdOrderAberrations 37
3.3 AberrationandOpticalPathDifference 41
3.4 GeneralThirdOrderAberrationTheory 46
3.5 Gauss-SeidelAberrations 47
3.5.1 Introduction 47
3.5.2 SphericalAberration 48
3.5.3 Coma 49
3.5.4 FieldCurvature 51
3.5.5 Astigmatism 53
3.5.6 Distortion 54
3.6 SummaryofThirdOrderAberrations 55
3.6.1 OPDDependence 56
3.6.2 TransverseAberrationDependence 56
3.6.3 GeneralRepresentationofAberrationandSeidelCoefficients 57
FurtherReading 58
4 AberrationTheoryandChromaticAberration 59
4.1 GeneralPoints 59
4.2 AberrationDuetoaSingleRefractiveSurface 60
4.2.1 AplanaticPoints 61
4.2.2 AstigmatismandFieldCurvature 63
4.3 ReflectionfromaSphericalMirror 64
4.4 RefractionDuetoOpticalComponents 67
4.4.1 FlatPlate 67
4.4.2 AberrationsofaThinLens 69
4.4.2.1 ConjugateParameterandLensShapeParameter 70
4.4.2.2 GeneralFormulaeforAberrationofThinLenses 71
4.4.2.3 AberrationBehaviourofaThinLensatInfiniteConjugate 72
4.4.2.4 AplanaticPointsforaThinLens 75
4.5 TheEffectofPupilPositiononElementAberration 78
4.6 AbbeSineCondition 81
4.7 ChromaticAberration 83
4.7.1 ChromaticAberrationandOpticalMaterials 83
4.7.2 ImpactofChromaticAberration 84
4.7.3 TheAbbeDiagramforGlassMaterials 87
4.7.4 TheAchromaticDoublet 87
4.7.5 OptimisationofanAchromaticDoublet(InfiniteConjugate) 89
Contents vii
4.7.6 SecondaryColour 90
4.7.7 Spherochromatism 92
4.8 HierarchyofAberrations 92
FurtherReading 94
5 AsphericSurfacesandZernikePolynomials 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 AsphericSurfaces 95
5.2.1 GeneralFormofAsphericSurfaces 95
5.2.2 AttributesofConicMirrors 96
5.2.3 ConicRefractingSurfaces 98
5.2.4 OpticalDesignUsingAsphericSurfaces 99
5.3 ZernikePolynomials 100
5.3.1 Introduction 100
5.3.2 FormofZernikePolynomials 101
5.3.3 ZernikePolynomialsandAberration 103
5.3.4 GeneralRepresentationofWavefrontError 107
5.3.5 OtherZernikeNumberingConventions 108
FurtherReading 109
6 Diffraction,PhysicalOptics,andImageQuality 111
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 TheEikonalEquation 112
6.3 HuygensWaveletsandtheDiffractionFormulae 112
6.4 DiffractionintheFraunhoferApproximation 115
6.5 DiffractioninanOpticalSystem–theAiryDisc 116
6.6 TheImpactofAberrationonSystemResolution 120
6.6.1 TheStrehlRatio 120
6.6.2 TheMaréchalCriterion 121
6.6.3 TheHuygensPointSpreadFunction 122
6.7 LaserBeamPropagation 123
6.7.1 FarFieldDiffractionofaGaussianLaserBeam 123
6.7.2 GaussianBeamPropagation 124
6.7.3 ManipulationofaGaussianBeam 126
6.7.4 DiffractionandBeamQuality 127
6.7.5 HermiteGaussianBeams 128
6.7.6 BesselBeams 129
6.8 FresnelDiffraction 130
6.9 DiffractionandImageQuality 132
6.9.1 Introduction 132
6.9.2 GeometricSpotSize 133
6.9.3 DiffractionandImageQuality 134
6.9.4 ModulationTransferFunction 135
6.9.5 OtherImagingTests 137
FurtherReading 138
7 RadiometryandPhotometry 139
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Radiometry 139
viii Contents
7.2.1 RadiometricUnits 139
7.2.2 SignificanceofRadiometricUnits 140
7.2.3 IdealorLambertianScattering 141
7.2.4 SpectralRadiometricUnits 142
7.2.5 BlackbodyRadiation 142
7.2.6 Étendue 145
7.3 ScatteringofLightfromRoughSurfaces 146
7.4 ScatteringofLightfromSmoothSurfaces 147
7.5 RadiometryandObjectFieldIllumination 151
7.5.1 KöhlerIllumination 151
7.5.2 UseofDiffusers 151
7.5.3 TheIntegratingSphere 152
7.5.3.1 UniformIllumination 152
7.5.3.2 IntegratingSphereMeasurements 154
7.5.4 NaturalVignetting 154
7.6 RadiometricMeasurements 155
7.6.1 Introduction 155
7.6.2 RadiometricCalibration 156
7.6.2.1 SubstitutionRadiometry 156
7.6.2.2 ReferenceSources 156
7.6.2.3 OtherCalibrationStandards 157
7.7 Photometry 158
7.7.1 Introduction 158
7.7.2 PhotometricUnits 158
7.7.3 IlluminationLevels 160
7.7.4 Colour 161
7.7.4.1 TristimulusValues 161
7.7.4.2 RGBColour 163
7.7.5 AstronomicalPhotometry 164
FurtherReading 166
8 PolarisationandBirefringence 169
8.1 Introduction 169
8.2 Polarisation 170
8.2.1 PlanePolarisedWaves 170
8.2.2 CircularlyandEllipticallyPolarisedLight 170
8.2.3 JonesVectorRepresentationofPolarisation 172
8.2.4 StokesVectorRepresentationofPolarisation 172
8.2.5 PolarisationandReflection 175
8.2.6 DirectionalFlux–PoyntingVector 178
8.3 Birefringence 178
8.3.1 Introduction 178
8.3.2 TheIndexEllipsoid 180
8.3.3 PropagationofLightinaUniaxialCrystal–DoubleRefraction 182
8.3.4 ‘Walk-off’inBirefringentCrystals 184
8.3.5 UniaxialMaterials 186
8.3.6 BiaxialCrystals 187
8.4 PolarisationDevices 187
8.4.1 Waveplates 187
Contents ix
8.4.2 PolarisingCrystals 188
8.4.3 PolarisingBeamsplitter 190
8.4.4 WireGridPolariser 190
8.4.5 DichroiticMaterials 191
8.4.6 TheFaradayEffectandPolarisationRotation 191
8.5 AnalysisofPolarisationComponents 191
8.5.1 JonesMatrices 191
8.5.2 MüllerMatrices 195
8.6 Stress-inducedBirefringence 196
FurtherReading 197
9 OpticalMaterials 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 RefractivePropertiesofOpticalMaterials 200
9.2.1 TransmissiveMaterials 200
9.2.1.1 ModellingDispersion 200
9.2.1.2 TemperatureDependenceofRefractiveIndex 203
9.2.1.3 TemperatureCoefficientofRefractionforAir 205
9.2.2 BehaviourofReflectiveMaterials 206
9.2.3 SemiconductorMaterials 210
9.3 TransmissionCharacteristicsofMaterials 212
9.3.1 General 212
9.3.2 Glasses 213
9.3.3 CrystallineMaterials 213
9.3.4 ChalcogenideGlasses 214
9.3.5 SemiconductorMaterials 214
9.3.6 PolymerMaterials 214
9.3.7 OverallTransmissionWindowsforCommonOpticalMaterials 215
9.4 ThermomechanicalProperties 215
9.4.1 ThermalExpansion 215
9.4.2 DimensionalStabilityUnderThermalLoading 216
9.4.3 Annealing 216
9.4.4 MaterialStrengthandFractureMechanics 217
9.5 MaterialQuality 219
9.5.1 General 219
9.5.2 RefractiveIndexHomogeneity 220
9.5.3 Striae 220
9.5.4 BubblesandInclusions 220
9.5.5 StressInducedBirefringence 220
9.6 ExposuretoEnvironmentalAttack 221
9.6.1 ClimaticResistance 221
9.6.2 StainResistance 221
9.6.3 ResistancetoAcidandAlkaliAttack 221
9.7 MaterialProcessing 221
FurtherReading 222
10 CoatingsandFilters 223
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 PropertiesofThinFilms 223
x Contents
10.2.1 AnalysisofThinFilmReflection 223
10.2.2 SingleLayerAntireflectionCoatings 225
10.2.3 MultilayerCoatings 226
10.2.4 ThinMetalFilms 229
10.2.5 ProtectedandEnhancedMetalFilms 231
10.3 Filters 232
10.3.1 General 232
10.3.2 AntireflectionCoatings 233
10.3.3 EdgeFilters 233
10.3.4 BandpassFilters 236
10.3.5 NeutralDensityFilters 237
10.3.6 PolarisationFilters 238
10.3.7 Beamsplitters 240
10.3.8 DichroicFilters 241
10.3.9 EtalonFilters 241
10.4 DesignofThinFilmFilters 244
10.5 ThinFilmMaterials 246
10.6 ThinFilmDepositionProcesses 247
10.6.1 General 247
10.6.2 Evaporation 248
10.6.3 Sputtering 248
10.6.4 ThicknessMonitoring 249
FurtherReading 250
11 PrismsandDispersionDevices 251
11.1 Introduction 251
11.2 Prisms 251
11.2.1 DispersivePrisms 251
11.2.2 ReflectivePrisms 254
11.3 AnalysisofDiffractionGratings 257
11.3.1 Introduction 257
11.3.2 PrincipleofOperation 258
11.3.3 DispersionandResolvingPower 259
11.3.4 EfficiencyofaTransmissionGrating 261
11.3.5 PhaseGratings 262
11.3.6 ImpactofVaryingAngleofIncidence 262
11.3.7 ReflectionGratings 264
11.3.8 ImpactofPolarisation 268
11.3.9 OtherGratingTypes 269
11.3.9.1 HolographicGratings 269
11.3.9.2 EchelleGrating 270
11.3.9.3 ConcaveGratings–TheRowlandGrating 270
11.3.9.4 Grisms 271
11.4 DiffractiveOptics 273
11.5 GratingFabrication 274
11.5.1 RuledGratings 274
11.5.2 HolographicGratings 275
FurtherReading 276