Network Economics of Marine Ecosystems and their Exploitation

304 Pages·2013·19.93 MB·English

by  Christian Mullon

NETWORK ECONOMICS OF
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR EXPLOITATION

Network Economics of
Marine Ecosystems and their
Exploitation
Christian Mullon
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR212
Exploited Marine Ecosystems
Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200, Sète
France
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Preface
Studies about sustainable development imply to jointly consider, at the time
horizon of a generation, systems with processes of diverse kinds, relevant
to diverse scientific disciplines, at diverse scales (from the small ecosystem
to the whole planet).
A common way to perform a necessary integration is the coupling of
models that have already been formulated and implemented in the different
disciplines. In some cases, the intrinsic complexity of the models to couple,
some theoretical incoherencies between them, or the number of parameters
to jointly estimate make it a difficult way.
Here I propose an alternative way, less ambitious. Having looked for
common features in ecological and economic processes that are involved
in the exploitation of marine ecosystems, I suggest a common model to
represent them and I analyze its effective implementation in several case
studies.
The approach I propose is based on:
(1) a focus on equilibration processes in ecological and economic processes,
on their interplay, the identification of possible synergies,
(2) the formalism of networks and therefore the emphasis on structural
constraints, rather than on deterministic relationships,
(3) the use of several tools from the modern mathematical theory of
optimization, mainly the variational inequality and complementarity
problems.
The origin of the questions I address in this book lies in the many
scientific projects of IRD I have been involved in. IRD is a French research
institute for developing countries. Almost all of its programs involve several
scientific disciplines (oceanography, fisheries biology, economics, sociology,
etc...), a high diversity of approaches, of scales, of processes to represent.
All of them imply to bring together a dedicated team of scientists, from
developing and developed countries, to realize field studies and surveys. In
these programs, the use of models is often crucial and may be problematic.
For some scientists they are a tool, for others they are a goal. When they
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are seen as a tool, they can be an integration tool (between searchers) or a
communication tool (from searchers to other stakeholders). There are specific
models in all disciplines; a common feature is often the use of mathematics
and it happens that the construction of an integrated model is attributed to
a mathematician. This is the end of a story of this kind I try to tell here.
This book is organized into four parts.
Part I introduces the issues. Chapter 1 briefly discusses the question of
marine ecosystems subject to double exposure. Chapter 2 provides a
short introduction to network theories. It pays particular attention to: (a)
the diversity of formalisms, terms, and applications, (b) the relationship
between structure and function, and (c) the arbitrariness of graphical
representations. The network concept is useful because it can be applied
equally to mathematics, physics, material sciences, biology, social science,
and traffic studies. We briefly discuss this point and give some illustrative
examples of network uses in various research fields, with an emphasis on
those that are most relevant to network economics. Chapter 3 discusses the
equilibrium versus dynamics issue with network economics principles. It
aims to place some of the principles of network economics in the context
of theoretical debates in economics and ecology.
Part II presents the mathematical tools that form the background to
the network economics approach. Although the approach is elementary
and illustrative the presentation is mathematical, i.e., with definitions,
propositions, and demonstrations. Chapter 4 introduces principles and
notations. Chapter 5 is an introduction to convex optimization, ending with
the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem. Chapter 6 is dedicated to the main ideas
of network economics, namely variational inequality and complementarity.
The final section of this chapter describes a practical tool that links modeling
and simulations based on real data. In an ending digression, we discuss the
issue of equilibrium in ecology and economics in more detail.
Part III presents the way to apply network economics to ecological and
economic systems. Chapter 7 is dedicated to the equilibrium of trophic
systems. Chapter 8 is dedicated to economic networks: spatial economics,
supply chains; an annex relates it to the general equilibrium theory. Chapter
9 introduces to the formulation of migrations problems.
Part IV consists of several studies that illustrate the application of
network economics principles and tools to ecological and economic
problems. They show the kind of results that can be obtained, highlight
changes in perspective, and the scenarios that can be modeled and analyzed.
Some studies are purely speculative and involve abstract models; others
are based on the simulation of complex real-world systems. Chapter 10
insists on the necessity of a specific way to present complex modelling
experiments.
In Chapter 11 network economics are used to throw a new light on
Gause’s exclusion principle and underline the importance of intra-specific
competition as a factor in biological diversity.
PCroenfatecnet s vviiii
Chapter 12 applies the network economics approach to Humboldt’s
productivity paradox and suggests that a focus on the accessibility of
primary production is a main factor in fish abundance.
Chapter 13 shows how the equilibrium found in a network model
of the Chilean coastal ecosystem is related to ecological controls and the
identification of key species in an upwelling ecosystem. The research
described in chapters 11, 12 and 13 was carried out in collaboration with
Yunne Shine and Philippe Cury.
Chapter 14 presents a model of the global tuna supply chain. Unlike
the models described in previous chapters this is a dynamic model, based
on the coupling of economic equilibrium and deterministic functions for
fish stock production and fisheries investment. This work was carried out
in collaboration with Jeanne Fortilus.
Chapter 15 presents a model of the worldwide fish supply chain,
including data collection, model calibration, and scenario analysis. It
demonstrates the combined effects of climate change and economic
globalization on the network equilibrium of this system. This chapter
summarizes ongoing work with Gorka Merino and Fabien Steinmetz.
Chapter 16 discusses how complementarity may help to reassess how
fisheries are financed.
Chapter 17 presents a simple model, using a variational inequality
approach to migration, of the movements of small and big fish in a water
column (an example of a pursuit evasion game). This work was carried
out with Anna Nagurney.
Chapter 18 analyzes the spatial behavior of Atlantic Bluefin tuna. It
seeks to explain changes in migration patterns as a trade-off between the
availability of food in feeding areas and the energetic cost of migration.
This chapter is a summary of ongoing work with Patrizio Mariani and
Vlastimil Krivan.
This work is part of the program of the Exploited Marine Ecosystems
research unit led by Philippe Cury. I sincerely thank him for giving me
availability and guidance all along the writing and the publishing of
this work. I have benefited from discussions with my colleagues in this
research unit: Frédéric Ménard, Jean-Marc Fromentin, Nicolas Bez, Patrice
Guillotreau, Christian Chaboud, and even Olivier Maury. I especially thank
my accomplice Pierre Fréon who has heavily contributed to this research
for several years: commenting, inspiring, encouraging. This work has been
supported by the EUROCEANS consortium through the organization of
two summer schools in 2006 (Dragerup-Denmark) and 2009 (Sète, France).
I thank Pierre-François Baisnée and the courageous attendants of the
presentations I gave at these occasions
The works dedicated to a model of the worldwide fish supply chain
and to the migrations of the Bluefin tuna, have been supported by the
European program BASIN led by Mike Saint-John and Manuel Barange.
The part of this work dedicated to a model of the global tuna supply
chain has been supported by the program MACROES led by Olivier
vviiiiii NNeettwwoorrkk EEccoonnoommiiccss ooff MMaarriinnee EEccoossyysstteemmss aanndd tthheeiirr EExxppllooiittaattiioonn
Aumont and funded by the ANR. Jeanne Fortilus was supported by the
program AMPED led by David Kaplan and funded by ANR.
The origin of the idea of applying network economics to ecological
problems has been the reading of Anna Nagurney’s book: Network
Economics, a Variational Inequality approach. I have found there the level
of abstraction, the level of complexity, the mathematical tools I was seeking
for several years to model real marine systems. I acknowledge this influence
and I thank her for the collaboration we have initiated since.
As a modeler of complicated systems, I have known a period before
Volker Grimm and Steve Railsback and a period after them. And I know
how much the methodological principles they suggest have positively
changed the modeling practice in ecology. Volker has always been reactive
to my questions and his outspoken comments about a preliminary version
have been very useful.
I thank Ferenc Jordan and Charles Mullon for reading a previous
version, comments and suggestions.
Jeanne Fortilus, Micharl Mansoor, Fabien Steinmetz, Gorka Merino,
Jose Fernandez, Patrizio Mariani have been involved in the different case
studies that are presented in this book. I thank them for their important
contribution.
I have benefitted, in the interdisciplinary works I have been associated
to inside IRD, from the enthusiasm and the wisdom of Philippe Couty,
Joël Bonnemaison, Gaston Pichon, Jacques Weber, Francois Bousquet,
Larry Hutchings, Marcel Kuper, Yveline Poncet, Pierre Morand, John Field,
Carolina Parada, Sergio Neira, Lynne Shannon, Claude Roy, Christophe
Lett, Olivier Thébaud, Benjamin Planque. I am grateful to Jean-Pierre Treuil
and Pascal Renaud for our collaboration in a previous life.
I thank my colleagues of the international research unit Resiliences, Jean
Luc Dubois, Mama Ouattara, Allioune Kane, Awa Niang, Marie-Hélène
Durand, Catherine Pasquier, Pierre Morand, Isabelle Droy, Marie Piron,
Jacques Quensière for hospitality and stimulating debates.
I thank Elaine Seery for reviewing the English of the manuscript.
This book is dedicated to my wife Dominique, to my children Charles,
Rachel, Justine and to my parents, Jane and André.
Christian Mullon
Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200, Sète
France
Contents
Part I INTRODUCTION
1. Double Exposure and Network Economics .............................................3
1.1 Double Exposure, 3
1.2 Network Economics, 4
1.3 Marine Systems, 8
1.4 Global Governance and Modelling, 10
1.5 Interdisciplinarity, 11
2. An Illustrated Introduction to Networks ...............................................13
2.1 Network Economics and Other Network Theories, 13
2.2 Common Definitions Concerning Networks, 14
2.3 Systems Relevant of Network Economics, 18
2.4 Systems Not Relevant of Network Economics, 27
2.5 About the Diagrammatic Representation of Networks, 34
3. Network Economics, Statics and Dynamics ..........................................37
3.1 Statics and Dynamics of Networks, 37
3.2 Statics and Dynamics of Marine Systems Under the
Double Exposure, 39
3.3 Digression: Statics and Dynamics in Ecology and Economics , 40
Part II A GENTLE INTRODUCTION TO THE MATHEMATICS
OF EQUILIBRIUM AND OPTIMIZATION
4. Introduction ................................................................................................51
4.1 Warning, 51
4.2 Complementarity, 52
4.3 Notations, 53