Table Of Content

Militarizing Artificial Intelligence This book examines the military characteristics and potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the new global revolution in military affairs. Offering an original perspective on the utilization, imagination, and politics of AI in the context of military development and weapons regulation, the work pro- vides a comprehensive response to the question of how we might reflect on the AI revolution in warfare and what can be said about the ways in which this has been handled. In the first part of the book, AI is accommodated, both theoretically and empirically, in the strategic context of the ‘Revolution in Military Affairs’ (RMA). The book offers a novel understanding of autonomous weapons as multi- layered composite systems, pointing to a complex, non-linear interplay between evolutionary and revolutionary dynamics. In the second section, the book pro- vides an impartial analysis of the related politics and operations of power, whereby increases in military budgets and R&D of the great powers are met and countered by advocacy networks and scientists campaigning for a ban on lethal autonomous weapons. As such, it moves beyond popular caricatures of ‘killer robots’ and points out some of the problems which result from over-reliance on such imagery. This book will be of much interest to students of strategic studies, critical security studies, arms control and disarmament, science and technology studies, and general International Relations. Nik Hynek is a professor specializing in security studies at the Department of Security Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University. He leads the inter-scientific Charles University Research Centre of Excellence dedicated to the topic of ‘Human-Machine Nexus and the Implications for the International Order’. Anzhelika Solovyeva is a lecturer specializing in strategic studies at the Depart- ment of Security Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University. Her latest monograph, co-authored with Nik Hynek, is The Logic of Humanitarian Arms Control and Disarmament (2020). Routledge Studies in Conflict, Security and Technology Series Editors: Mark Lacy, Lancaster University, Dan Prince, Lancaster University, and Sean Lawson, University of Utah The Routledge Studies in Conflict, Technology and Security series aims to publish challenging studies that map the terrain of technology and security from a range of disciplinary perspectives, offering critical perspectives on the issues that con- cern publics, business and policymakers in a time of rapid and disruptive techno- logical change. National Cyber Emergencies The Return to Civil Defence Edited by Greg Austin Information Warfare in the Age of Cyber Conflict Edited by Christopher Whyte, A. Trevor Thrall, and Brian M. Mazanec Emerging Security Technologies and EU Governance Actors, Practices and Processes Edited by Antonio Calcara, Raluca Csernatoni and Chantal Lavallée Cyber-Security Education Principles and Policies Edited by Greg Austin Emerging Technologies and International Security Machines, the State and War Edited by Reuben Steff, Joe Burton and Simona R. Soare Militarizing Artificial Intelligence Theory, Technology and Regulation Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Studies-in-Conflict-Security-and-Technology/book-series/CST Militarizing Artificial Intelligence Theory, Technology, and Regulation Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva First published 2022 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva The right of Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hynek, Nik, author. | Solovyeva, Anzhelika, 1994– author. Title: Militarising artificial intelligence : theory, technology and regulation / Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva. Other titles: Militarizing artificial intelligence Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2022] | Series: Routledge studies in conflict, security and technology | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022000868 (print) | LCCN 2022000869 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367492854 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367492878 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003045489 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Artificial intelligence—Military applications. | Artificial intelligence—Military applications—Government policy. | Weapons systems—Government policy. | Autonomous weapons systems (International law) Classification: LCC UG479 .H96 2022 (print) | LCC UG479 (ebook) | DDC 359.00285/63—dc23/eng/20220307 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000868 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022000869 ISBN: 978-0-367-49285-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-49287-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-04548-9 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003045489 Typeset in Goudy by codeMantra Contents About the Authors vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 PART I Artificial Intelligence and Dynamics of Military Transformation 7 1 Artificial Intelligence and the Revolution in Military Affairs 9 2 Reconstruction: Artificial Intelligence in Multi-Layered Composite Systems 30 3 Militarizing Artificial Intelligence in the US, Russia, and China 49 PART II Autonomous Weapons Systems: Politics and Operations of Power 85 4 Dilemmas in Autonomous Weapons Systems 87 5 Over-securitizing Autonomous Weapons Systems: The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots 113 6 Operations of Power in Autonomous Weapons Systems Regulation 133 Conclusion 169 Index 179 About the Authors Nik Hynek is a professor specializing in security studies at the Department of Security Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University. He received his research doctorate from the University of Bradford and was previously af- filiated with SIWPS at Columbia University, LSE, ANU, Carleton University, and Ritsumeikan University. He leads the inter-scientific Charles University Research Centre of Excellence dedicated to the topic of ‘Human-Machine Nexus and the Implications for the International Order’. Anzhelika Solovyeva is a lecturer specializing in strategic studies at the Depart- ment of Security Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University. She also works as a doctoral researcher at the Charles University Research Cen- tre of Excellence dedicated to the topic of ‘Human-Machine Nexus and the Implications for the International Order’. Her latest monograph, co-authored with Nik Hynek, is The Logic of Humanitarian Arms Control and Disarmament (2020). Acknowledgements The preparation of this manuscript was undertaken with financial support from Charles University, UNCE ‘Human-Machine Nexus and the Implications for the International Order’ (UNCE/HUM/037). The book would have been poorer without the comments of two anonymous readers whose challenges and insights we gratefully acknowledge too. We owe a special debt to Xing Su for kindly proofreading the entire manuscript. We would also like to acknowledge that Chapter 4 is an updated and substantially rewritten version of Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva’s ‘Going Beyond the “Killer Robots” Debate: Six Di- lemmas Autonomous Weapon Systems Raise’, Central European Journal of Inter- national and Security Studies 12(3) (2018): 166–208; and that an earlier version of Chapter 6 was previously published as Nik Hynek and Anzhelika Solovyeva’s ‘Operations of Power in Autonomous Weapon Systems: Ethical Conditions and Socio- Political prospects’, AI & Society: Knowledge, Culture and Communication 36 (2021): 79–99. Finally, we wish to thank our families for their long-standing support and encouragement of our academic endeavours.