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Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations and Loads in the Cache Creek Basin, California ... PDF

64 Pages·2004·4.19 MB·English
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Photograph (front cover) Westward view of Cache Creek from the bridge at Rumsey, California, by Cathy Munday, U.S. Geological Survey. Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations and Loads in the Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001 By Joseph L. Domagalski, Charles N. Alpers, Darell G. Slotton, Thomas H. Suchanek, and Shaun M. Ayers Prepared in cooperation with the California Bay–Delta Authority Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5037 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0286 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Domagalski, J.L., Alpers, C.N., Slotton, D.G., Suchanek, T.H., and Ayers, S.M., 2004, Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations and Loads in Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5037, 56 p. iii Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Description of Study area and Selection of Sampling Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sampling and Sample Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Mercury Concentrations and Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chemical Signatures of Water Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Chloride-to-Sulfate Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Boron-to-Aluminum Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Boron-to-Lithium Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Boron-to-Chloride Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Boron, Chloride, and Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Dissolved Organic Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Appendix 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 iv Figures Figure 1. Map showing study area and location of sampling sites and major mercury point sources, Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Figure 2. Graphs showing daily mean discharge for Bear Creek above Holsten Chimney Canyon and Cache Creek at Yolo, Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 3. Graphs showing concentrations of total mercury at large river sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 4. Graphs showing concentrations of total mercury at small stream sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 5. Graphs showing methylmercury concentrations at large river sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 6. Graphs showing methylmercury concentrations at small stream sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 7. Graphs showing instantaneous loads of total mercury in unfiltered and filtered water at large river sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure 8. Graphs showing instantaneous loads of total mercury in unfiltered and filtered water at small stream sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 9. Map showing instantaneous loads of total mercury at selected sites sampled February 27, 2000, through March 3, 2000, Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . 16 Figure 10. Map showing instantaneous loads of total mercury at selected sites sampled February 20–23, 2001, Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 11. Graphs showing relation between total mercury concentration and stream discharge at selected sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 12. Graphs showing instantaneous loads of methylmercury in unfiltered and filtered water at large river sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 13. Graphs showing instantaneous loads of methylmercury in unfiltered and filtered water at small stream sites, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 14. Map showing instantaneous loads of methylmercury at selected sites sampled February 27, 2000, through March 3, 2000, Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . 22 Figure 15. Map showing instantaneous loads of methylmercury at selected sites sampled February 20–23, 2001, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 16. Graph showing total mercury in streambed sediment at selected sites sampled during fall of 2000, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 17. Graph showing molar ratio of chloride to sulfate at the Cache Creek at Rumsey site, Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 18. Graph showing ratio of boron to aluminum mass ratios at selected sites of the Cache Creek Basin and Yolo Bypass, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 19. Graph showing boron and lithium concentrations at selected sites within the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 20. Graph showing boron and chloride concentrations at selected sites within the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 21. Ternary plot of the molar relation between boron, chloride, and sulfate for selected sites within the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 22. Graph showing ratios of stable isotopes (delta [δ] deuterium and δ oxygen-18) for selected sites within the Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 23. Graphs showing lithium in filtered water and mercury in unfiltered water versus delta [δ] oxygen-18 for selected sites within the Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 24. Graph showing methylmercury and dissolved organic carbon for selected sites within the Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 v Tables Table 1. Number, location, identification number, and name of sites sampled in the Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Appendix 1,Table 1. Stream discharge and concentrations of mercury in unfiltered and filtered water from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Appendix 1,Table 2. Stream discharge and concentrations of methylmercury in unfiltered and filtered water from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Appendix 1, Table 3. Concentrations of mercury in unfiltered and filtered water, in field blanks, from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix 1, Table 4. Concentrations of methylmercury in unfiltered and filtered water, in field blanks, from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Appendix 1, Table 5. Concentrations of methylmercury in unfiltered and filtered water, in field blanks, from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Appendix 1, Table 6. Replicate concentrations of mercury in filtered water from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Appendix 1, Table 7. Replicate concentrations of methylmercury in unfiltered water from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Appendix 1, Table 8. Replicate concentrations of methylmercury in filtered water from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Appendix 1, Table 9. Stable isotopes in water from sites in the Cache Creek Basin, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 vi Conversion Factors Multiply By To obtain cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic foot (ft3) cubic meter per second (m3/s) 35.31 cubic foot per second (ft3/s) gram (g) 0.03527 ounce (oz) gram per day (g/d) 0.03527 ounce per day (oz/d) square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2) liter (L) 1.057 quart (qt) Temperature in degrees Celsius (oC) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (oF) as follows: oF=1.8 oC+32. Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in nanograms per liter (ng/L) or micrograms per liter (µg/L). Acronyms and Abbreviations Al, aluminum B, boron BMSL, Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory Cl, chloride CO , carbon dioxide 2 DOC, dissolved organic carbon DI, deionized DL, detection limit δD, delta deuterium, 2H/1H relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 1H, hydrogen-1 2H, hydrogen-2, deuterium H , elemental hydrogen 2 Hg, mercury HgS, cinnabar Hg (II), ionized, divalent mercury Li, lithium 16O, oxygen-16 18O, oxygen-18 δ18O, delta oxygen-18, 18O/16O relative to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water p, level of significance vii per mil, per thousand ppm, parts per million R2, coefficient of determination RPD, relative percent difference SO , sulfate 4 UCD, University of California at Davis USGS, U.S. Geological Survey VSMOW, Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water µm, micrometer mL, milliliter ng, nanogram >, greater than indicated value <, less than indicated value Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations and Loads in the Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001 By Joseph L. Domagalski1, Charles N. Alpers1, Darell G. Slotton2, Thomas H. Suchanek3 , and Shaun M. Ayers2 Abstract for mining and geothermal areas. These constituents included aqueous concentrations of boron, chloride, lithium, and sulfate, and the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water. Stable Concentrations and mass loads of total mercury and isotopes of water in areas draining geothermal discharges were methylmercury in streams draining abandoned mercury mines enriched with more oxygen-18 relative to oxygen-16 than and near geothermal discharge in the Cache Creek Basin, meteoric waters, whereas the stable isotopes of water from California, were measured during a 17-month period from much of the runoff from abandoned mines were similar to that January 2000 through May 2001. Rainfall and runoff averages of meteoric water. Geochemical signatures from stable isotopes during the study period were lower than long-term averages. and trace-element concentrations may be useful as tracers of Mass loads of mercury and methylmercury from upstream total mercury or methylmercury from specific locations; sources to downstream receiving waters, such as San Francisco however, mercury and methylmercury are not conservatively Bay, were generally the highest during or after winter rainfall transported. A distinct mixing trend of trace elements and events. During the study period, mass loads of mercury and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen from geothermal methylmercury from geothermal sources tended to be greater waters was apparent in Sulphur Creek and lower Bear Creek than those from abandoned mining areas because of a lack of (tributaries to Cache Creek), but the signals are lost upon large precipitation events capable of mobilizing significant mixing with Cache Creek because of dilution. amounts of either mercury-laden sediment or dissolved mercury and methylmercury from mine waste. Streambed sediments of Cache Creek are a source of mercury and Introduction methylmercury to downstream receiving bodies of water such as the Delta of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers. Much of the mercury in these sediments was deposited over the last The Cache Creek Basin, also known as the Cache Creek 150 years by erosion and stream discharge from abandoned watershed or drainage basin (fig. 1), is an important source of mines or by continuous discharges from geothermal areas. total inorganic mercury to downstream areas including the San Several geochemical constituents were useful as natural tracers Francisco Bay and the region known as the Delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (Domagalski, 1998, 2001; Foe and Croyle, 1999; Domagalski and Dileanis, 2000). 1U.S. Geological Survey, Placer Hall, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA Although the Cache Creek drainage basin covers only about 4 95819-6129. percent of the Sacramento River Basin, the mercury transported 2Dept. of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, One downstream can be as high as 50 percent of the total annual Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616. load of the Sacramento River Basin (Foe and Croyle, 1999). 3Dept. of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Sources of mercury within the Cache Creek drainage basin One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, include natural geothermal springs, and abandoned and Division of Environmental Contaminants, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, inactive mercury mines (fig. 1). Sulphur Creek has several CA 95825. active geothermal springs within its drainage. 2 Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations and Loads in the Cache Creek Basin, California, January 2000 through May 2001 (cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:79) (cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:18)(cid:79) (cid:45)(cid:73)(cid:68)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:35)(cid:82)(cid:14) (cid:50)(cid:69)(cid:41)(cid:54)(cid:78)(cid:83)(cid:65)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:86)(cid:89)(cid:78)(cid:79)(cid:73)(cid:82) (cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:0)(cid:35)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:75)(cid:0)(cid:45)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69) (cid:51)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:82)(cid:65)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:79) (cid:35)(cid:44)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:65)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:69) (cid:22) (cid:18) (cid:33)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:89)(cid:0)(cid:50)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:0)(cid:45)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69)(cid:83) (cid:50)(cid:73)(cid:86)(cid:69)(cid:82) (cid:20) (cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:79) (cid:21) (cid:23) (cid:19) (cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:0)(cid:34)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:0)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:0)(cid:77)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69) (cid:17) (cid:24) (cid:25) (cid:50)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:89) (cid:0) (cid:50)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:0)(cid:79)(cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:0)(cid:77)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69)(cid:83) (cid:39)(cid:85)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:68)(cid:65) (cid:51)(cid:69)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:71) (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:34)(cid:65)(cid:83)(cid:73)(cid:78) (cid:54)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:65) (cid:17)(cid:16) (cid:35)(cid:65)(cid:80)(cid:65)(cid:89)(cid:35)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:35)(cid:82)(cid:17) (cid:57)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:17)(cid:17) (cid:17)(cid:18) (cid:55)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68) (cid:16) (cid:17)(cid:16) (cid:18)(cid:16)(cid:0)(cid:45)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:83) (cid:51)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:82)(cid:65)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:79) (cid:44)(cid:65)(cid:75)(cid:69) (cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:16)(cid:103)(cid:79) (cid:16) (cid:17)(cid:0)(cid:16) (cid:18)(cid:16)(cid:0)(cid:43)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:35)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:33)(cid:82)(cid:44)(cid:83)(cid:41)(cid:38)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:46)(cid:41)(cid:33) (cid:34)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:69)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:65) (cid:48)(cid:85)(cid:84)(cid:65)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:0)(cid:35)(cid:82)(cid:14) (cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:80)(cid:65)(cid:83)(cid:83) 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(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:89)(cid:0)(cid:77)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69)(cid:83) (cid:35)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:0)(cid:35)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:75) (cid:36)(cid:65)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:83) (cid:0)(cid:65)(cid:84)(cid:0)(cid:50)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:89) (cid:35)(cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:75)(cid:0)(cid:50)(cid:69)(cid:83)(cid:14) (cid:16) (cid:17)(cid:21)(cid:0)(cid:43)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:83) Figure 1. Study area and location of sampling sites and major mercury point sources, Cache Creek Basin, California. Cr., Creek; N., North; Res., Reservoir.

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Thomas H. Suchanek, and Shaun M. Ayers .. Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in nanograms per liter (ng/L) or stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen from geothermal . Game for their assistance with project organization and . Teflon-lined stainless-steel churn.
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